{"id":3288,"date":"2021-04-18T18:16:02","date_gmt":"2021-04-18T10:16:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/paratext.hk\/?p=3288"},"modified":"2021-04-15T18:21:53","modified_gmt":"2021-04-15T10:21:53","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%88%a9%e7%b6%ad%e5%9d%a6%e3%80%8b-%e2%94%80%e2%94%80-%e4%ba%ba%e9%80%a0%e7%9a%84%e7%a5%9e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/paratext.hk\/?p=3288","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u300b \u2500\u2500 \u4eba\u9020\u7684\u795e"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>17<\/span>\u4e16\u7d00\u524d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u63a2\u8a0e\u7684\u662f\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u54c1\u683c\u8207\u5fb7\u884c\uff0c\u7d93\u7531\u99ac\u57fa\u7dad\u5229\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5e03\u4e39\u7684\u4e3b\u6b0a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u7531\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff08Hobbes\uff09\u4ee5\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f0f\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u5efa\u69cb\u51fa\u7684\u300c\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u4e3b\u6b0a\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u539f\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u6b0a\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5373\u70ba <\/span>Leviathan \u00a0\u2500\u2500\u00a0<\/span>\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u300c\u5be6\u7136\u300d\uff0c\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7136\u300d\u5247\u4e0d\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u7bc4\u7587\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5247\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5275\u9020\u7269\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u8b8a\u5b83\uff0c\u6b64\u4fc2\u76f8\u8f03\u65bc\u5e0c\u81d8\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u79e9\u5e8f\u537b\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u5fd7\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u5176\u5f9e\u4eba\u6027\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u4ee5\u6578\u5b78\u3001\u5e7e\u4f55\u5b78\u7684\u6a5f\u68b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u8b49\u6210\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u8a2d\u5b9a\u516c\u7406\uff08\u4e0d\u8b49\u81ea\u660e\uff09\u4e26\u4f5c\u51fa\u5206\u6790\u63a8\u8ad6\u9032\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7406\u8ad6\uff08\u6b64\u8207\u65af\u8cd3\u8afe\u838e\u76f8\u540c\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u662f\u81ea\u8ca0\u3001\u865b\u69ae\u3001\u8caa\u5a6a\u3001\u611a\u6627\u3001\u76f2\u76ee\u3001\u773c\u5149\u77ed\u6dfa\u3001\u79c1\u5229\u7684\uff0c\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u6c7a\u65b7\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8a08\u7b97\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u6c7a\u65b7\u7684\u662f\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0d\u65b7\u8ffd\u6c42\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u5171\u540c\u6b0a\u529b\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u5728\u4eba\u7684\u617e\u671b\u3001\u6fc0\u60c5\u4ee5\u53ca\u7406\u6027\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8b93\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u80fd\u60f3\u671b\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\u8005\u5373\u662f\u6182\u61fc\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff1b\u6b32\u6c42\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u4e43\u662f\u5b89\u5c45\u6a02\u696d\u4e4b\u751f\u6d3b\u6240\u5fc5\u9808\u7684\u4e5f\u662f\u52e4\u52de\u800c\u80fd\u6709\u6240\u6536\u7a6b\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u7406\u6027\u5efa\u8b70\u4e00\u7a2e\u4eba\u5011\u5f97\u4ee5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u689d\u6b3e\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u689d\u6b3e\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\u53ef\u88ab\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5247\u3002[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u6cd5\u5247\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4fc2\u56e0\u51fa\u81ea\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u547d\u4ee4<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u5b58<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u624d\u5177\u6709\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u7b1b\u5361\u723e\u5f0f\u7684\u300c\u66ab\u6642\u6027\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5247\u300d\uff08<\/span>provisional moral code<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u500b\u4eba\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u5c0d\u5e38\u8b58\u898b\u89e3\u8207\u4e16\u4fd7\u9053\u5fb7\u4ecd\u4e88\u9075\u5faa\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5728\u6b64\u5247\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u70ba\u4e86\u514b\u670d\u6230\u4e82\u3001\u5931\u5e8f\u70ba\u9054\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u300c\u96c6\u9ad4\u7684\u66ab\u6642\u6027\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5247\u300d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u2500\u2500\u842c\u4eba\u5c0d\u842c\u4eba\u7684\u6230\u722d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u70ba\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u6703\u6240\u8a2d\u5b9a\u7684\u516c\u7406\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\uff08s<\/span>tate of nature<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u6027\u6240\u5fc5\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\uff0c\u5229\u7dad\u5766<\/span>\u7684\u5275\u9020\u5fc5\u9808\u900f\u7531\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u300d\u60f3\u50cf\u624d\u80fd\u8b49\u6210\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u96d6\u6709\u7d93\u6279\u8a55\u662f\u975e\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u5f9e\u4f86\u50c5\u70ba\u7406\u8ad6\u5de5\u5177\u800c\u975e\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d93\u9a57\u547d\u984c\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u00a0[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\uff0c\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u8655\u5883\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6b77\u53f2\u6558\u8ff0\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u300d[3]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5de5\u5177\u4e5f\u597d\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57\u4e5f\u7f77\uff0c\u90fd\u7121\u6cd5\u812b\u514d\u8207\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u95dc\u806f\uff0c<\/span>1651<\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u300b\u662f\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u6230\u722d\u4e2d\u7684\u5167\u6230\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\u82e5\u7f3a\u4e4f\u73fe\u5be6\u611f\u4e5f\u5c07\u4f7f\u5f97\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u7d55\u5c0d\u7d71\u6cbb\u6b0a\u529b\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u516c\u5171\u6b0a\u529b\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u656c\u754f\u7684\u6642\u671f\u5167\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8655\u5728\u6230\u722d\u72c0\u614b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5c0d\u6297\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5c0d\u65bc\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u6575\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u767c\u5c55\u5de5\u696d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6210\u679c\u4e26\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u7121\u8fb2\u8015\u3001\u7121\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u4e5f\u7121\u5c0d\u65bc\u53ef\u80fd\u5f9e\u6d77\u6d0b\u9032\u53e3\u7684\u65e5\u7528\u54c1\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u5bec\u655e\u5efa\u7bc9\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u5c0d\u65bc\u5927\u5730\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u6642\u9593\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u85dd\u8853\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u6700\u7cdf\u7684\u662f\u7121\u9593\u65b7\u7684\u6050\u61fc\u4ee5\u53ca\u66b4\u6b7b\u7684\u5371\u96aa\uff08<\/span>violent death<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u65bc\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u5b64\u7368\u3001\u7aae\u56f0\u3001\u9aaf\u9ad2\u3001\u91ce\u883b\u4e14\u77ed\u66ab\u3002[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u9019\u662f\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u6050\u61fc\u300d\u4f5c\u70ba\u5176\u7406\u8ad6\u5efa\u69cb\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5176\u751a\u81f3\u6253\u8da3\u5730\u8aaa\u6bcd\u89aa\u5728\u751f\u80b2\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u53eb\u6050\u61fc\u7684\u5b7f\u751f\u5144\u5f1f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u6050\u61fc\uff0c\u662f\u300c\u5fc5\u7576\u300e\u8a66\u5716\u4fdd\u6709\u6216\u4f01\u6c42\u67d0\u7a2e\u53ef\u6b32\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u300f\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u6709\u6050\u61fc\u4e4b\u7531\u5347\u6216\u6050\u61fc\u611f\u4e4b\u4e4d\u73fe\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6050\u61fc\u611f\u4e43\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u884d\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u612b\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u5fc3\u4e4b\u60f3\u671b\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u5167\u5728\u9632\u885b\u3002\u300d[5]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6240\u60f3\u671b\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u300c\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u5b58\u300d\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u6b64\u53ef\u6b32\u72c0\u614b\u6709\u5fc3\u7406\u9810\u671f\u5c07\u88ab\u5f71\u97ff\u6642\uff0c\u6050\u61fc\u611f\u5c31\u6703\u840c\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u6050\u61fc\u611f\u662f\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u7522\u751f\u7684\u7126\u616e\u8207\u8e81\u52d5\u60c5\u7dd2\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u6050\u61fc\u4e26\u4e0d\u53ea\u4f7f\u4eba\u9677\u65bc\u7126\u616e\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6703\u6566\u4fc3\u884c\u52d5\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u6050\u61fc\u7684\u5be6\u73fe\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u56e0\u7740\u73fe\u5be6\u4e0a\u5c0d\u65bc\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6e34\u6c42\uff0c\u5728\u60f3\u50cf\u4e0a\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u5145\u6eff\u6050\u61fc\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u96a8\u6642\u6709\u66b4\u6b7b\u98a8\u96aa\u7684\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u4f86\u8b49\u6210\u5de8\u9748\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u4e2d\u6240\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e26\u975e\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u300c\u773e\u6c11\uff08<\/span>Multitude<\/span>\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u5176\u5373\u4fbf\u6709\u591a\u6578\u7684\u805a\u5408\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u7f3a\u4e4f\u540c\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u5171\u540c\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u610f\u5fd7\u4e26\u4e0d\u55ae\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u6b63\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u4e2d\u500b\u9ad4\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6a23\u614b\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u6709\u8209\u51fa\u4f8b\u5b50\u5982\u7576\u6642\u7f8e\u6d32\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u570b\u8207\u570b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u6230\u722d\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c0d\u61c9\u5373\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u8207\u73fe\u5be6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u806f\uff0c\u300c\u5f9e\u9019\u4e9b\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u6240\u8a2d\u60f3\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u4ee5\u53ca\u96dc\u773e\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u67d0\u7a2e\u9060\u53e4\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u73fe\u5be6\u689d\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7f3a\u4e4f\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u6642\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u74b0\u5883\uff08\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u500b\u4eba\u5883\u9047\uff08\u96dc\u773e\uff09\u3002\u300d[6]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u6240\u63cf\u7e6a\u7684\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u5b78\u8005\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u662f\u7406\u667a\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u5728\u4eba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u80fd\u529b\u9032\u884c\u8a8d\u8b58\u6216\u5224\u65b7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u5224\u65b7\u7d50\u679c\u9593\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u5224\u6e96\u3002[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u56f0\u5883<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u662f\u5ba2\u89c0\u9053\u5fb7\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u6b20\u7f3a\uff0c\u4e14\u4eba\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u4e2d\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\uff0c\u7121\u4eba\u5f37\u58ef\u5230\u8db3\u4ee5\u62b5\u79a6\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4fb5\u5bb3\u800c\u7121\u8ad6\u5f37\u5f31\u90fd\u6709\u66b4\u6b7b\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\uff0c\u300c\u662f\u4eba\u5f7c\u6b64\u9593\u6700\u5e73\u7b49\u8207\u6700\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8655\u5883\uff3b\u2026\uff3d<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6975\u7aef\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002\u300d[8]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e0a\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u300d\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u540c\u4e00\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u7740\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u6a19\u6e96\u4ee5\u70ba\u88c1\u65b7\uff0c\u800c\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u885d\u7a81\u8207\u7d1b\u722d\u751a\u81f3\u6bba\u5bb3\uff0c\u800c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u4f55\u4eba\u8a72\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u300c\uff3b<\/span>\u2026\uff3d<\/span>\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u95dc\u4fc2\u5047\u8a2d\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u898f\u7d04\u300d\uff0c\u5b83\u6240\u8981\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u662f\u4eba\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u7576\u7740\u773c\u65bc\u300c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u300d\u4eba\u8207\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u8eab\u5fc3\u80fd\u529b\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u800c\u53bb\u722d\u8ad6\u5b70\u5f37\u5b70\u5f31\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u9054\u6210\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u300c\u61c9\u7576\u300d\u5b78\u7fd2\u53bb\u627f\u8a8d\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u6c92\u6709\u60f3\u50cf\u4e2d\u5927\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u624d\u6703\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u6230\u722d\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4e5f\u624d\u6703\u9858\u610f\u9032\u5165\u548c\u5e73\u72c0\u614b<\/span>\u22ef\u22ef<\/span>\u300d[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u8ad6\u8005[10]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\uff08<\/span>Nature law<\/span>\uff09\u7b2c<\/span>2<\/span>\u689d\uff1a\u300c\u653e\u68c4\u5c0d\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u2500\u2500<\/span>\u300e\u7576\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e5f\u5982\u6b64\u505a\u7684\u6642\u5019\u300f\u300d\u4e2d\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u300c\u8ab0\u4f86\u5224\u65b7\u662f\u5426\u6eff\u8db3\u6b64\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\uff1f\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4eba\u80fd\u7372\u5f97\u6b63\u78ba\u7406\u6027\uff1f\u300d\u7b49\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u4eba\u8207\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u5982\u540c\u8cfd\u5c40\u4e00\u822c\u5fc5\u9808\u5224\u65b7\u4ed6\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u6709\u5fc3\u9075\u5b88\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u7b26\u5408\u300c\uff08\u5de5\u5177\uff09\u7406\u6027\u300d\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u662f\u5c07\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b88\u6cd5\u4f5c\u70ba\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u81ea\u8eab\u4e4b\u624b\u6cd5\u63db\u53d6\u81ea\u8eab\u4e4b\u6bc0\u6ec5\u800c\u9055\u80cc\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u76ee\u6a19\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e26\u4e0d\u5728\u65bc\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u722d\u9b25\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u65bc\u6230\u9b25\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u6642\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u6b0a\uff08<\/span>Nature rights<\/span>\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u300c\u4f46\u6211\u5148\u524d\u5df2\u63ed\u793a\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u524d\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u6709\u5c0d\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u4e14\u505a\u4e00\u5207\u70ba\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u5b58\u6240\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff1b\u5f81\u670d\uff0c\u50b7\u5bb3\uff0c\u6216\u6bba\u5bb3\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\uff0c\u70ba\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u800c\u9019\u662f\u6240\u6709\u570b\u5bb6\u884c\u4f7f\u61f2\u7f70\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u300d[11]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b7b\u4ea1\u662f\u7a2e\u61c9\u907f\u514d\u7684\u7f6a\u60e1\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u5b58\u6210\u70ba\u61c9\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u800c\u6210\u70ba\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u4ee5\u6240\u6709\u624b\u6bb5\u78ba\u4fdd\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e5f\u6210\u70ba\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u8207\u81ea\u7136\u6b0a\u5229\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u7d04\u675f\uff0c\u800c\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u7136\u6b0a\u5229\u662f\u88ab\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u6240\u898f\u5b9a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0a\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u70ba\u5148\uff0c\u53c8\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u81ea\u7136\u6b0a\u5229\u5247\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6069\u8cdc\uff0c\u65bc\u6b64\u4e5f\u9810\u793a\u4e86\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u4e2d\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u8207\u81ea\u7531\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u65e5\u5f8c\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u4f7f\u5f97\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7121\u4e0d\u4f5c\u70ba\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u898f\u7bc4\u800c\u7121\u5be6\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u6545\u800c\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u4f9d\u7167\u6b63\u78ba\u7406\u6027\uff08<\/span>right reason<\/span>\uff09\u4f86\u5224\u65b7\uff0c\u4f46\u9664\u81ea\u8eab\u537b\u7121\u4eba\u53ef\u53c3\u7167\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u5206\u8fa8\u4f55\u8b02\u300c\u6b63\u78ba\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u78ba\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u638c\u63e1\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u76f4\u4e5f\u6709\u88ab\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u9051\u8ad6\u4eba\u6703\u56e0\u773c\u524d\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u5fd8\u6389\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u7e3d\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\u5730\u771f\u78ba\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4eba\u904b\u7528\u7406\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5247\u53ef\u7591\uff0c\u800c\u7121\u4eba\u53ef\u5ba3\u7a31\u81ea\u8eab\u7b26\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u6b64\u7a2e\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u53ea\u6709\u900f\u904e\u5f37\u5236\u529b\u4f86\u6d88\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u610f\u5fd7\u88ab\u5275\u9020\u7684\u5951\u6a5f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u5c0d\u6bd4\u65bc\u904e\u5f80\u793e\u7fa4\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5982\u4e9e\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u4e26\u975e\u793e\u6703\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5148\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u56e0\u6b64\u4e26\u975e\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u300c\u4eba\u9020\u7684\uff08a<\/span>rtificial<\/span>\uff09\u300d\u3002\u56e0\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u662f\u5145\u6eff\u61f7\u7591\u7684\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u6b63\u56e0\u7406\u6027\u5730\u884c\u4f7f\u6b0a\u5229\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u5b58\u624d\u8d70\u5411\u6b98\u66b4\u7684\u6230\u722d\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5931\u5e8f\u6df7\u4e82\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u7d55\u5c0d\u8005\u7684\u5275\u9020\uff1a\u5de8\u9748<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u8da8\u6a02\u907f\u82e6\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u9a45\u4f7f\u4e0b\uff0c\u9075\u5f9e\u7406\u6027\u800c\u8a02\u7acb\u5951\u7d04\u5c07\u5168\u6578\u6b0a\u529b\u79fb\u8f49\uff0c\u300c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u540c\u610f\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u70ba\u4e86\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u4fdd\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u6240\u6b32\u70ba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6b0a\u5229\u6089\u6578\u62cb\u68c4\u3002\u4eba\u4eba\u4f9d\u64da\u81ea\u9858\u7d04\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u9081\u5411\u9019\u6bb5\u6b77\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c0d\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u5177\u6709\u670d\u5f9e\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u3002\u300d[12]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u55ae\u4e00\u7684\u4eba\u683c\uff08\u500b\u4eba\u6216\u5c11\u6578\u4eba\u6240\u7d44\u6210\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u4eba\u683c\u5c31\u662f\u5229\u7dad\u5766<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u5fd7\u7d55\u5c0d\u3001\u6b0a\u529b\u842c\u80fd\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u7de0\u7d04\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5951\u7d04\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u56e0\u6b64\u5730\u4f4d\u9ad8\u65bc\u5951\u7d04\uff0c\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e3b\u6b0a\u7684\u884c\u4f7f\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u4e5f\u4e0d\u88ab\u525d\u596a\u800c\u70ba\u7d55\u5c0d\u3002\u773e\u4eba\u5c07\u610f\u5fd7\u670d\u5f9e\u65bc\u8a72\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u5c07\u5224\u65b7\u670d\u5f9e\u65bc\u8a72\u5224\u65b7\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u6e90\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u800c\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u6b63\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u6d88\u9664\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u60b2\u6158\u3002\u8ad6\u8005\u4ee5\u300c\u4fdd\u8b77\u8207\u670d\u5f9e\u300d\u4f5c\u70ba\u7406\u89e3\u300a\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u300b\u7684\u57fa\u9ede\ufe30<\/span><\/p>\n

\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5efa\u7acb\u96d6\u7136\u525d\u596a\u4e86\u4eba\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u4e2d\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u81e3\u6c11\u76f8\u5c0d\u537b\u5f97\u5230\u5728\u570b\u5bb6\u6240\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u6240\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff1b\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u81e3\u6c11\u5728\u570b\u5bb6\u7121\u6cd5\u4fdd\u969c\u548c\u5e73\u8207\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u9664\u5c0d\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u670d\u5f9e\u7fa9\u52d9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7684\u300c\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u300d\u662f\u4ee5\u300c\u4fdd\u8b77\u8207\u670d\u5f9e\u300d\u505a\u70ba\u5176\u5efa\u7acb\u8207\u904b\u7528\u7684\u539f\u5247\u3002[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u800c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u300c\u79e9\u5e8f\uff08<\/span>order<\/span>\uff09\u300d\u4f5c\u70ba\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u79e9\u5e8f\u8207\u5b89\u5168\u4e43\u662f\u96d9\u9762\uff0c\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u6df7\u4e82\u8207\u5371\u96aa\u3002\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u6b63\u662f\u6536\u650f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u6b0a\u529b\u8207\u8a8d\u8b58\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5a01\u51cc\u99d5\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u8207\u77e5\u8b58\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u900f\u904e\u7531\u5916\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e88\u4ee5\u8b49\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u50c5\u4ee5\u300c\u653f\u6cbb<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u5b58\u4ea1\u300d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4f86\u8b49\u6210\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3002\u5c24\u5176\uff0c\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4e5f\u53ef\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u7121\u8ad6\u4f55\u8655\u6240\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u7684\u300c\u795e\u8a71\u300d\u6240\u898b\u5f97\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u770b\u4f3c\u4efb\u610f\u3001\u7121\u610f\u7fa9\u3001\u8352\u8a95\u7684\u795e\u8a71\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u90fd\u6709\u7740\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u5275\u4f5c\uff0c\u9019\u7121\u79e9\u5e8f\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u6b63\u5f70\u986f\u51fa\u4eba\u985e\u5fc3\u9748\u4e2d\u5c0d\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002[14]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u5c0d\u7acb\u65bc\u539f\u5148\u5c0d\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u4f5c\u70ba\u81ea\u7136\u7522\u751f\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u6703\u5f62\u6210\u662f\u4eba\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5247\u662f\u53cd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u4f5c\u70ba\u6975\u9ede\u800c\u76f8\u5c0d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5efa\u7acb\u62b5\u79a6\u5916\u6575\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9632\u514d\u5f7c\u6b64\u50b7\u5bb3\uff0c\u4e26\u4fdd\u8b49\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u5de5\u85dd\u8207\u6536\u6210\uff0c\u80fd\u57f9\u80b2\u81ea\u8eab\u8207\u6eff\u610f\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u5c07\u81ea\u8eab\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\u529b\u8207\u529b\u91cf\u4ea4\u4ed8\u7d66\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6216\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\uff0c\u9019\u6703\u5c07\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u6e1b\u5c11\u5230\u55ae\u4e00\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\u53bb\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6216\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\u4f86\u627f\u64d4\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u683c\uff0c\u4e14\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e26\u4e14\u627f\u8a8d\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u90a3\u627f\u64d4\u4ed6\u5011\u4eba\u683c\u8005\u5728\u616e\u53ca\u548c\u5e73\u8207\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u8005\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c07\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u5c48\u5f9e\u65bc\u8a72\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u5c07\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u5c48\u5f9e\u65bc\u8a72\u4eba\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u9019\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u900f\u904e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u8207\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u5951\u7d04\uff08<\/span>Convenant<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5168\u9ad4\u7d71\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u5951\u7d04\u4e2d\u5c31\u50cf\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c<\/span>\u5728\u4f60\u5011\u653e\u68c4\u4f60\u5011\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u7d66\u8a72\u4eba\u6216\u8a72\u7fa4\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u6388\u6b0a\u6240\u6709\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u6388\u6b0a\u4e26\u653e\u68c4\u6211\u7d71\u5fa1\u6211\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u7d66\u8a72\u4eba\u6216\u8a72\u7fa4\u4eba\u3002\u300d\u8a72\u7d71\u5408\u8005\u5c31\u53eb\u505a\u570b\u5bb6\uff08<\/span>COMMON-WEALTH<\/span>\uff0c\u62c9\u4e01\u6587<\/span>CIVITAS<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u5049\u5927\u7684\u5229\u7dad\u5766<\/span>\u7684\u8a95\u751f\uff0c\u6216\u66f4\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u8aaa\uff0c\u90a3\u4fd7\u4e16\u7684\u795e\uff08<\/span>Mortal God<\/span>\uff09\u3002[15]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u773e\u4eba\u610f\u5fd7\u3001\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u5c48\u5f9e\uff0c\u4ea4\u4ed8\u7531\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u9032\u884c\u5224\u65b7\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u900f\u904e\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u4f86\u89e3\u6c7a\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u8def\u5f91\uff0c\u800c\u670d\u5f9e\u6b63\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u300c\u970d\u5e03\u65af<\/span>\u8aaa\uff0c\u8981\u8b93\u4eba\u985e\u518d\u5ea6\u660e\u767d\u9019\u7a2e\u300e\u4fdd\u8b77\u8207\u670d\u5f9e\u4e4b\u76f8\u4f9d\u95dc\u4fc2\u300f\u662f\u7262\u4e0d\u53ef\u7834\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5960\u57fa\u65bc\u5c0d\u4eba\u6027\u8a34\u6c42\u3001\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6cd5\u5247\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4ed6\u5beb\u300a\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u300b<\/span>\u7684\u672c\u4f86\u76ee\u7684\uff08\u5728<\/span>1651<\/span>\u5e74\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u9801<\/span>396<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u300d[16]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u662f\u773e\u4eba\u610f\u5fd7\u8b93\u6e21\u5f8c\u6240\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u539f\u578b\uff0c\u9019\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e09\u500b\u5be6\u9ad4\u00a0\u00a0\u2500\u2500\u00a0\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u7684\u8089\u9ad4\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u5176\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u6700\u672b\u5247\u662f\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u683c\uff08\u9748\uff09\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u4eba\u683c\u3002\u65bc\u6b64\u4e5f\u53ef\u898b\u5f97\u5169\u628a\u528d\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0c\u541b\u738b\u5177\u6709\u7684\u9748\u8089\u5c6c\u6027\u540c\u6642\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u5176\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4f4d\u541b\u738b<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5373\u70ba\u6d88\u6ec5\u6df7\u4e82\uff0c\u5275\u9020\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u2500\u2500\u00a0<\/span>\u300c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u539f\u5247\u3001\u4e8b\u5be6\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u65bc\u63a8\u7406\u6b63\u78ba\u8207\u5426\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u5c0d\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u5957\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u59a5\u7576\u6027\u662f\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u3002\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u5f9e\u4f86\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u9019\u985e\u539f\u5247\u3001\u4e8b\u5be6\u6216\u898f\u5247\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u4fbf\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\uff1b\u4ed6\u662f\u8aaa\u4efb\u4f55\u95dc\u65bc\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u300e\u8a8d\u8b58\u8072\u7a31\u300f<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u5305\u62ec\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u7684<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u5747\u7121\u6cd5\u9003\u812b\u57fa\u65bc\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u5f9e\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u64fa\u812b\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u5bbf\u547d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u53d6\u5f97\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u6548\u529b\u3002\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u9812\u5e03\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u4e43\u662f\u5faa\u975e\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u9014\u5f91\u53d6\u5f97\u59a5\u7576\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d42\u7d50\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u4e2d\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u5df1\u8eab\u537b\u4e0d\u52de\u4efb\u4f55\u8a8d\u8b58\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u8a8d\u8b58\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u6311\u6230\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u5957\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u52e2\u5fc5\u8981\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u4e43\u662f\u300e\u7d55\u5c0d\u300f\u7684\u3002\u300d[17]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u4e0d\u662f\u5951\u7d04\u7de0\u7d50\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5951\u7d04\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53d7\u5951\u7d04\u7684\u7d04\u675f\uff0c\u5730\u4f4d\u66f4\u9ad8\u65bc\u5354\u8b70\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u9019\u4e0d\u50c5\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e86\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e14\u4e5f\u985b\u5012\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u8207\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u95dc\u806f\uff0c\u300c\u5f9e\u524d\uff0c\u79e9\u5e8f\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\u3001\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\uff1b\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u6b0a\u529b\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u624d\u662f\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u7de0\u9020\u8005\u3002\u9019\u5169\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8f49\u63db\uff0c\u5fb9\u5e95\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u6027\u683c\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5f9e\u653f\u6cbb\u7522\u751f\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u300e\u653f\u6cbb\u300f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e86\u89e3\uff1a\u5b83\u53ea\u80fd\u4ee5\u610f\u5fd7\u70ba\u53c3\u8003\u9ede\uff0c\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u8a34\u8af8\u4efb\u4f55\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u4ee5\u6700\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u79e9\u5e8f\u6c92\u6709\u610f\u5fd7\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u552f\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u58df\u65b7\u4e86\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u624d\u80fd\u5e36\u4f86\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u552f\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u624d\u80fd\u69cb\u6210\u793e\u6703\u7684\u516c\u5171\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u300d[18]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e26\u89e3\u6d88\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u672b\u4e16\u7684\u5371\u96e3\uff0c\u300c\u6b63\u5982\u300e\u57fa\u7763\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u570b\u5ea6\u300f\u5373\u662f\u300e\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u570b\u5ea6\u300f\uff0c\u300e\u570b\u5bb6\u300f\u4e5f\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u5728\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u8eab\u4e0a\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e86\u5f4c\u8cfd\u4e9e\u5f0f\u7684\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5343\u5e74\u570b\u5ea6\u7684\u9ad4\u73fe\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5c0d\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5373\u662f\u4e0d\u8a08\u4ee3\u50f9\u7684\u5be6\u73fe\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5373\u662f\u8868\u73fe\u70ba\u5c0d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u514b\u670d\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u6e90\u65bc\u5c0d\u300e\u6050\u6016\u672b\u65e5\u300f\u7684\u6050\u61fc\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u5316\u89e3\u4e86\u300e\u4eba\u8207\u4eba\u5168\u9762\u6230\u722d\u300f\u7684\u6b8a\u6b7b\u547d\u904b\uff0c\u5f4c\u8cfd\u4e9e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u7cbe\u795e\u5373\u662f\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u6b0a\u4e4b\u4e0b\u548c\u5e73\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u300d[19]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u9020\u4eba\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u64ec\u4eff<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u4ee5\u6a5f\u68b0\u8ad6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7406\u89e3\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u9032\u8def\uff0c\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u4ee5\u6a5f\u68b0\u5f0f\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u6b63\u4e5f\u547c\u61c9\u5176\u5c0d\u4eba\u4e4b\u552f\u7269\u89c0\uff0c\u300c\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u7684\u6280\u85dd\u7a31\u4f5c\u570b\u5bb6\uff08<\/span>Commonwealth, State, Civitas<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u537b\u70ba\u4eba\u9020\u4eba\uff08<\/span>artificial man<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u96d6\u6709\u70ba\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u5b58\u8207\u9632\u79a6\u6240\u610f\u6b32\u7684\u6bd4\u81ea\u7136\u4eba\u66f4\u5927\u8eab\u5f62\u8207\u529b\u91cf\uff1b\u4e3b\u6b0a\u662f\u70ba\u4eba\u9020\u9748\u9b42\uff0c\u7d66\u4e88\u6574\u500b\u8eab\u9ad4\u751f\u547d\u8207\u6d3b\u52d5\uff1b\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u53f8\u6cd5\u3001\u57f7\u884c\u5b98\u54e1\uff0c\u4eba\u9020\u95dc\u7bc0\uff1b\u8cde\u7f70\uff08\u7d81\u7e1b\u65bc\u4e3b\u6b0a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u95dc\u7bc0\u8207\u6210\u54e1\u88ab\u9a45\u4f7f\u65bc\u5b8c\u6210\u7fa9\u52d9\uff09\u70ba\u5982\u540c\u81ea\u7136\u4eba\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u795e\u7d93\uff1b\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\u6210\u54e1\u70ba\u529b\u91cf\uff1b\u4eba\u6c11\u5b89\u5168\uff08<\/span>salus populi<\/span>\uff09\u70ba\u4efb\u52d9\uff1b\u5f8b\u5e2b\uff0c\u5373\u5efa\u8b70\u570b\u5bb6\u6240\u6709\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u70ba\u8a18\u61b6\uff1b\u5e73\u7b49\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u70ba\u4eba\u9020\u7406\u6027\u8207\u610f\u5fd7\uff1b\u4e00\u81f4\uff08<\/span>concord<\/span>\uff09\u70ba\u5065\u5eb7\uff1b\u53db\u4e82\u3001\u75c5\u75ab\u8207\u5167\u6230\u70ba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5354\u8b70\u8207\u689d\u7d04\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u9ad4\uff08<\/span>body politic<\/span>\uff09\u6700\u521d\u5275\u9020\u7684\u5951\u7d04\uff0c\u7f6e\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\uff0c\u76f8\u4f3c\u65bc\u90a3\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u6216\u7a31\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u9020\u4eba\uff08<\/span>Let us make man<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u795e\u518d\u9020\u7269\u6642\u6240\u8a00\u3002\u300d[20]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9020\u4eba\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u7684\u8a95\u751f\u5982\u540c\u795e\u5728\u7b2c\u516d\u5929\u6642\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4e00\u822c\uff0c\u4eff\u4f3c\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9020\u4eba\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u9019\u6b21\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4fd7\u4e16\u4e4b\u795e\uff0c\u800c\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u6b63\u662f\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u7d04\u4f2f\u8a18\u300b\u4e2d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u9020\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6d77\u7378\uff08\u9be8\u9b5a\u6216\u9c77\u9b5a\uff09\u3002[21]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u683c\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u4e86\u5584\u60e1\u7684\u88c1\u6c7a\u8005<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u754c\u5b9a\u8005\uff0c\u754c\u5b9a\u8005\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u6210\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u50c5\u56e0\u8eab\u70ba\u754c\u5b9a\u8005\u5373\u81ea\u6211\u8b49\u6210\uff0c\u7121\u9808\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u7406\u64da<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u4f7f\u5f97\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u56f0\u5883\u89e3\u6d88\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u7121\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u4e0a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u9054\u81f4\uff0c\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u300c\u79e9\u5e8f\u5176\u5be6\u5c31\u662f\u96c6\u9ad4\u751f\u6d3b\u5f97\u4ee5\u904b\u884c\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u793e\u6703\u7b49\u65bc\u6c92\u6709\u793e\u6703\u3002\u300d[22]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u800c\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u300c\u570b\u6c11\u300d\u7684\u8eab\u4efd<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u5177\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u7fa9\u52d9\u95dc\u4fc2<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u624d\u518d\u88ab\u5275\u9020\u51fa\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u6703\u7684\u904e\u6e21\u4f7f\u5f97\u5728\u4e8b\u7406\u4e0a\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5177\u6709\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u539f\u5148\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u4e5f\u6210\u70ba\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9020\u4eba\u547d\u4ee4\u6240\u9020\u51fa\u7684\u5229\u7dad\u5766\uff0c\u518d\u9020\u51fa\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u570b\u6c11\u8207\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u7686\u7372\u5f97\u65b0\u751f\u3002\u800c\u9019\u985b\u5012\u4e86\u300a\u5275\u4e16\u7d00\u300b\uff0c\u9019\u6b21\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u9020\u4e86\u795e\u3002\u300c\u5f9e\u65e5\u6f38\u8870\u843d\u7684\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u738b\u570b\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u7570\u7684\u65b0\u5f0f\u653f\u6cbb\u6a5f\u5668\u53eb\u505a\u300e\u570b\u5bb6\u300f\u00a0\u00a0\u2500\u2500\u00a0<\/span>\u9019\u7a2e\u65b0\u5947\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5f62\u614b\u7acb\u5373\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6d41\u884c\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6240\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u822c\u7121\u9650\u5a01\u529b\u7684\u7522\u7269\u3002\u300d[23]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u300c\u570b\u6c11\u300d\u8eab\u4efd<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u76f8\u8f03\u65bc\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u96dc\u773e\u300d\uff0c\u79e9\u5e8f\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u662f\u300c\u516c\u5171\u6027\u300d\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u50c5\u8207\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u516c\u5171\u6027\u6709\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\uff0c\u59cb\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u6240\u95dc\u5fc3\u3001\u9650\u5236\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u9664\u958b\u65bc\u6b64\uff0c\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u5b58\u7e8c\u7121\u6240\u95dc\u806f\u5247\u975e\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u6240\u95dc\u61f7\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u300c\u516c\u3001\u79c1\u300d\u9818\u57df\u65bc\u7109\u5283\u5206\u800c\u51fa\uff0c\u300c\u5584\u60e1\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6c38\u751f\u4e0d\u673d\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7368\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u662f\u58fd\u547d\u6709\u9650\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff08<\/span>Mortal God<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u65e2\u7136\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u7e7c\u7e8c\u58df\u65b7\u5584\u60e1\u77e5\u8b58\u548c\u7981\u7d55\u6709\u95dc\u5584\u60e1\u7684\u8b70\u8ad6\u3002\u96d6\u662f\u88ab\u9020\u7684\u4eba\u9020\u4eba\uff0c\u4ecd\u5949\u4e0a\u5e1d\u547d\u4ee4\u9020\u51fa\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u8207\u570b\u6c11\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u9020\u4eba\u6602\u7136\u77d7\u7acb\u65bc\u4eba\u7fa4\u3001\u6cbb\u570b\u8005\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u50c5\u5c45\u65bc\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u4e3b\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u5230\u6b64\u5b8c\u6210\u9020\u4eba\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u518d\u8b70\u8ad6\u5584\u60e1\u3001\u4e0d\u518d\u8cea\u7591\u570b\u5bb6\u4f5c\u70ba\u7121\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7fa4\u9ad4\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u53eb\u570b\u6c11\u3002\u570b\u6c11\u96d6\u4ecd\u6709\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8a31\u4f5c\u70ba\u5584\u60e1\u662f\u975e\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u8005\uff0c\u4e00\u5982\u4f0a\u7538\u5712\u4e2d\u7684\u4e9e\u7576\u548c\u590f\u5a03\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u5011\uff0c\u5247\u5982\u540c\u88ab\u9010\u51fa\u4f0a\u7538\u5712\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u7956\u5148\uff01\u300d[24]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u5982\u540c\u518d\u8fd4\u4f0a\u7538\u5712\u7684\u9014\u5f91\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u5982\u540c\u4e9e\u7576\u8207\u590f\u5a03\u5177\u6709\u5584\u60e1\u5224\u65b7\u80fd\u529b\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u78e8\u96e3\uff0c\u800c\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u5247\u662f\u8b93\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e9e\u7576\u8207\u590f\u5a03\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u91cd\u8fd4\u4f0a\u7538\u5712\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u653e\u68c4\u5584\u60e1\u5224\u65b7\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u300c\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u662f\u65b0\u4f0a\u7538\u5712\u7684\u7a31\u547c\uff0c\u570b\u6c11\u662f\u65b0\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u5247\u662f\u7ba1\u7406\u570b\u6c11\u3001\u78ba\u4fdd\u773e\u4eba\u7d55\u5c0d\u670d\u5f9e\u8aa1\u547d\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u3002\u300d[25]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u79c1\u4eba\u826f\u77e5\u7559\u5728\u975e\u516c\u5171\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u5728\u4e0d\u9055\u53cd\u6cd5\u5f8b<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0b\u7684\u547d\u4ee4<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u4fbf\u64c1\u6709\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u6b63\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e2d\u6d88\u6975\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u96db\u5f62\u3002\u6d88\u6975\u6027\u662f\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u6703\u5efa\u69cb\u7684\u7279\u8cea\uff0c\u6d88\u6975\u5730\u96e2\u958b\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u3001\u6d88\u6975\u5730\u4e0d\u53d7\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\u5e72\u9810\u3001\u6d88\u6975\u5730\u7dad\u6301\u79e9\u5e8f\u800c\u4e0d\u9f13\u52f5\u516c\u6c11\u53c3\u8207\u653f\u6cbb<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u300c\u516c\u958b\u8b70\u8ad6\u50f9\u503c\u662f\u773e\u4eba\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u7015\u81e8\u4e92\u53d6\u6bc0\u6ec5\u7684\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u81ea\u6bc0\u8207\u81ea\u4fdd\u4e4b\u5c0d\u7acb\u537b\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u6027\u8868\u73fe\u7684\u5178\u578b\u3002\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u81ea\u4fdd\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u7d42\u7a76\u6703\u4f5c\u51fa\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u6289\u64c7\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5728\u6230\u722d\u72c0\u614b\u6216\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u4e2d\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u8b70\u8ad6\u4e0d\u50c5\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u5929\u6027\u7684\u6607\u83ef\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e92\u6bc0\u751f\u5b58\u6a5f\u6703\u7684\u611a\u884c\u3002\u300d[26]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u5e0c\u81d8\u6642\u671f\u7684\u7f8e\u597d\u4eba\u751f\u8207\u5fb7\u884c\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5168\u6578\u5283\u6b78\u70ba\u500b\u4eba\u826f\u77e5\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u9818\u57df\u554f\u984c\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u7570\u8cea\u6027\u4f5c\u70ba\u5951\u7d04\u8ad6\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u539f\u5b50\u5f0f\u500b\u4eba\u4f5c\u70ba\u5951\u7d04\u8ad6\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4f86\u81ea\u6587\u85dd\u5fa9\u8208\u7684\u300c\u500b\u9ad4\u6027\u300d\u50f9\u503c\u5f70\u986f [27]<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u5730\u540c\u610f\u4ea4\u4ed8\u6b0a\u529b\u800c\u5275\u751f\u4e3b\u6b0a\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u7d71\u6cbb\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u6240\u5728\u3002\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u7570\u8cea\u6027\u5728\u9032\u5165\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u6703\u5f8c\u4ea6\u5c07\u4e0d\u6703\u6539\u8b8a\u6b64\u5143\u8a2d\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5c6c\u6027\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7570\u8cea\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u5247\u7559\u5f85\u500b\u4eba\u5167\u5fc3\u826f\u77e5\u81ea\u4e3b\u5224\u5b9a\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u500b\u4eba\u50c5\u9700\u5916\u5728\u670d\u5f9e\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u800c\u7121\u9700\u8d0a\u540c\uff0c\u5167\u5fc3\u5247\u975e\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u6240\u6b32\u5e72\u6d89\u8005\uff0c\u6b64\u4e43\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e2d\u826f\u5fc3\u81ea\u7531\u8207\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u767c\u6e90\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u6536\u650f\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u532f\u805a\u70ba\u55ae\u4e00\uff0c\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001\u548c\u5e73\u8207\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u800c\u5951\u7d04\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u5f0f\u500b\u4eba\u4f5c\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u81e3\u6c11\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u7684\u670d\u5f9e\u7136\u540c\u6642\u4ecd\u662f\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u8005\uff08<\/span>author<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u541b\u738b\u5247\u662f\u4ee3\u8868\uff08<\/span>actor<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u300c\u7576\u6388\u6b0a\u4eba\u5c07\u6b0a\u5229\u59d4\u8a17\u7d66\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u4fbf\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u6b0a\u81ea\u4f5c\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u9808\u670d\u5f9e\u5f8c\u8005\u7684\u8a00\u884c\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u539f\u5148\u670d\u5f9e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u5c31\u662f\u7834\u58de\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7684\u80cc\u4fe1\u8005\uff1b\u82e5\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u7834\u58de\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8cac\u4efb\u5c31\u8981\u6b78\u5728\u6388\u6b0a\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u90a3\u662f\u5f97\u5230\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u8996\u540c\u6388\u6b0a\u4eba\u7684\u8a00\u884c\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u8207\u6388\u6b0a\u4eba\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u540c\u610f\uff08<\/span>consent<\/span>\uff09\u6216\u5354\u8abf\uff08<\/span>concord<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u300e\u800c\u662f\u5168\u9ad4\u771f\u6b63\u7d71\u4e00\u65bc\u552f\u4e00\u4eba\u683c\u4e4b\u4e2d\u300f\uff08<\/span>a real unity of them all<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7d71\u4e00\u65bc\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u5229\u7dad\u5766<\/span>\u548c\u6d3b\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d<\/span>\u7684\u300e\u570b\u5bb6\u300f\uff08<\/span>Commonwealth<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u300d[28]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u541b\u6b0a\u795e\u6388\u662f\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u6240\u5275\u9020\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u65b0\u50b3\u7d71\u6b63\u5f0f\u5728\u8207\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u6b63\u7576\u6027\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5a01\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u8b49\u6210\u7684\u7d42\u6975\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u7121\u9808\u5176\u4ed6\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u7684\u4f86\u6e90<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u300c\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8005\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u662f\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u7406\u77e5\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u7279\u8cea\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e36\u4f86\u67d0\u7a2e\u8d85\u7136\u5ba2\u89c0\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6311\u6230\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7406\u6027\u6216\u529f\u6548\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u6839\u672c\u4fbf\u53ea\u662f\u4ee5\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u4f5c\u70ba\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u300d[29]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u4e3b\u6b0a\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u6027\u4e26\u975e\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u53bb\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u7684\u795e\u5b78\uff0c\u4e14\u6b64\u4fc2\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u9858\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u64fa\u812b\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u3001\u9032\u5165\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u6703\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u610f\u601d\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u601d\u60f3\u53ca\u662f\u975e\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e26\u4e14\u57f7\u884c\u9019\u4e9b\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u3002\u300d[30]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3000\u3000<\/strong>\u82e5\u975e\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u7684\u5275\u9020\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u6df7\u4e82\u5931\u5e8f\uff0c\u5efa\u69cb\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u7d50\u5408\u4e86\u570b\u5bb6\u7406\u6027\u3001\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8207\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5951\u7d04\u8ad6\u5f0f\uff0c\u5247\u5c07\u7121\u73fe\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u9748\u9b42<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u4e3b\u6b0a\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u4e26\u540c\u6642\u5efa\u69cb\u4e86\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u516c\u79c1\u4e4b\u5225\uff0c\u800c\u4f5c\u70ba\u7406\u89e3\u300c\u81ea\u7531\uff08<\/span>liberty<\/span>\uff09\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8d77\u9ede\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9020\u4e86\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f0f\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u53bb\u5b97\u6559\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6027\u7684\u62ac\u982d\uff0c\u4eba\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e3b\u9ad4\u53cd\u5beb\u4e86\u300a\u5275\u4e16\u7d00\u300b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u4fd7\u4e16\u4e4b\u795e\uff1a\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u6ce8\u91cb<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u8521\u82f1\u6587\uff0c\u300a\u5f9e\u738b\u6b0a\u3001\u5c08\u5236\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1a\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u958b\u5c55\u53ca\u5176\u554f\u984c\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a<\/span>\u806f\u7d93\uff0c2015\uff09\uff0c\u980199-106\u3002<\/p>\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u5b78\u8005\u4ea6\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u601d\u60f3\u5be6\u9a57\u3002<\/span>\u5f35\u65fa\u5c71\uff0c\u3008\u8ad6\u300c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u65bc\u300a\u54f2\u5b78\u5206\u6790\u8207\u8996\u57df\u4ea4\u878d\u300b\uff0c\u6797\u5f9e\u4e00\u4e3b\u7de8\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c2010\uff09\uff0c\u9801<\/span>236-237\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0John Morrow<\/span>\u8457\uff0c<\/span>\u674e\u57f9\u5143\u8b6f\uff0c\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u97cb\u4f2f\u6587\u5316\uff0c2004<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u9801<\/span>38\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Thomas Hobbes,\u00a0<\/span>Leviathan<\/em> (London: Penguin Books, 1985) , pp.<\/span>185-186.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u8a31\u570b\u8ce2\uff0c\u3008\u6050\u61fc\u611f\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6587\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u96c6\u520a\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c12\u5377\u7b2c1\u671f\uff082000\u5e743\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u9801<\/span>80-81\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u856d\u9ad8\u5f65\uff0c\u3008\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u65bc\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u6f6e\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5b78\uff0d\u5433\u5e9a\u6559\u6388\u4e03\u79e9\u83ef\u8a95\u795d\u58fd\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5f35\u6587\u90c1\u4e3b\u7de8\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5143\u7167\uff0c2010\uff09\uff0c\u9801<\/span>109-110\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u9322\u6c38\u7965\uff0c\u3008\u5049\u5927\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u8005\uff1a\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7d55\u5c0d\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u89e3\u91cb\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6587\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u96c6\u520a\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c5\u5377\u7b2c1\u671f\uff081992\u670811\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u9801<\/span>88-89\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u8521\u82f1\u6587\uff0c\u3008\u73fe\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u57fa\u790e\u53ca\u5176\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u4e4b\u7406\u64da\uff1a\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u8ad6\u860a\u542b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7dca\u5f35\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u65bc\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53cd\u601d\u300b\uff0c\u8521\u82f1\u6587\u3001\u5f35\u798f\u5efa\u5148\u751f\u4e3b\u7de8\uff08\b\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c2007\uff09\uff0c\u9801<\/span>26\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u5468\u5bb6\u745c\uff0c\u3008\u70ba\u4f55\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u5e9c\uff1f<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u8ad6\u570b\u969b\u95dc\u4fc2\u8207\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\u7684\uff08\u4e0d\uff09\u5b8c\u7f8e\u985e\u6bd4\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6587\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u96c6\u520a\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c27\u5377\u7b2c3\u671f\uff082015\u5e749\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u9801<\/span>456\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u9322\u6c38\u7965\uff0c\u3008\u5049\u5927\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u8005\uff1a\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7d55\u5c0d\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u89e3\u91cb\u3009\uff0c\u9801<\/span>95-105\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Thomas Hobbes,\u00a0<\/span>Leviathan, <\/span><\/em>pp.<\/span>354.<\/span><\/p>\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0John Morrow<\/span>\u8457\uff0c<\/span>\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u300b<\/span>\uff0c\u9801<\/span>300-305\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u674e\u97cb\u5747\uff0c\u3008\u5229\u7dad\u5766<\/span>\u7684\u5169\u7a2e\u9762\u8c8c\uff1a\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u5c0d\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u570b\u5bb6\u5b78\u8aaa\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u8207\u6539\u9020\u3009\uff08<\/span>\u570b\u7acb\u4e2d\u5c71\u5927\u5b78\u78a9\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c2009\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u980113-18\uff0c<\/p>\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u53c3\u7167<\/span> Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss\u8457<\/span>\uff0c\u694a\u5fb7\u777f\u8b6f\uff0c\u300a\u795e\u8a71\u8207\u610f\u7fa9\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a<\/span>\u9ea5\u7530\uff0c2016\u5e74\u4e8c\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u980131-32\u3002\u674e\u7dad\u53f2\u9640\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u662f\u5728\u95e1\u8ff0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7d93\u6b77\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4ed6\u5c0d\u65bc\u795e\u8a71\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5728\u63a2\u7a76\u7121\u79e9\u5e8f\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u7a0d\u5f8c\u8aaa\u5230\uff1a\u300c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u8003\u5bdf\u4e00\u4e0b\u4eba\u985e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u3001\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u66fe\u7559\u4e0b\u7d00\u9304\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u5176\u5171\u901a\u9ede\uff0c\u7e3d\u662f\u96e2\u4e0d\u958b\u5f15\u4ecb\u67d0\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u5047\u82e5\u9019\u500b\u4e8b\u5be6\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u5fc3\u9748\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5b58\u6709\u7740\u4e00\u6574\u5c0d\u65bc\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u4eba\u985e\u5fc3\u9748\u7562\u7adf\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u5b87\u5b99\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u67d0\u7a2e\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9019\u500b\u5b87\u5b99\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5718\u6e3e\u6c8c\u3002\u300d\u672c\u6587\u5247\u662f\u5c07\u9019\u500b\u554f\u53e5\u8f49\u5316\u6210\u5224\u65b7\uff0c\u4e14\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u6d89\u53ca\u5b87\u5b99\u8ad6\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u3002<\/p>\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Thomas Hobbes,\u00a0<\/span>Leviathan<\/span><\/em>, pp.<\/span>227-228.<\/span><\/p>\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Carl Schmitt<\/span>\u8457\uff0c<\/span>\u59da\u671d\u68ee\u8b6f\uff0c\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a<\/span>\u806f\u7d93\uff0c2005\uff09\uff0c\u980152\u3002<\/p>\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u9322\u6c38\u7965\uff0c\u3008\u5049\u5927\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u8005\uff1a\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7d55\u5c0d\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u89e3\u91cb\u3009\uff0c\u9801<\/span>112\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u540c\u4e0a\u6ce8\uff0c\u9801<\/span>113-114\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u66fe\u6176\u8c79\uff0c\u3008\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u795e\u5b78\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u6279\u5224\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u8207\u793e\u6703\u54f2\u5b78\u8a55\u8ad6\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c5\u671f\uff082003\u5e746\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u9801<\/span>241-242\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Thomas Hobbes,\u00a0<\/span>Leviathan<\/em>, pp.<\/span>81-82.<\/span><\/p>\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6709\u8ad6\u8005\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u7d14\u7cb9\u7269\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u6c11\u4e3b\u591a\u6578\u6c7a\u6210\u70ba\u653f\u6cbb\u6709\u6548\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u4fdd\u8b49\uff0c\u300c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u958b\u59cb\u5f62\u6210\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u96dc\u773e\u7684\u6bcf\u500b\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5c31\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u5f62\u6210\u5982\u4e0b\u4e4b\u540c\u610f\uff1a\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u617e\u61c9\u7576\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u82e5\u975e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u90a3\u4e00\u500b\u96dc\u773e\u4fbf\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u548c\u617e\u671b\u5f7c\u6b64\u9593\u4e4b\u5dee\u7570\u975e\u5e38\u4e4b\u5927\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u62d2\u7d55\u540c\u610f\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u90a3\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4ecd\u6703\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u5728\u5167\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u3002\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u70ba\u751a\u9ebc\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u5176\u5c0d\u4ed8\u7570\u8b70\u8005\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6230\u722d\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u5c0d\u4ed8\u6575\u4eba\u4e00\u822c\u3002\u300d\u856d\u9ad8\u5f65\uff0c\u3008\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u9801<\/span>120-122\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u6c5f\u5b9c\u6a3a\uff0c\u3008\u897f\u65b9\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u5206\u6790\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u8207\u793e\u6703\u54f2\u5b78\u8a55\u8ad6\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>12<\/span>\u671f\uff082005\u5e743\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u9801<\/span>47-48\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Kenneth Minogue<\/span>\u8457\uff0c\u9f94\u4eba\u8b6f\uff0c\u300a\u725b\u6d25\u901a\u8b58\u2014\u2014\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u300b\uff08\u9999\u6e2f\uff1a\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2016\uff09\uff0c\u9801<\/span>53\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u9673\u745e\u5d07\uff0c\u3008\u8ad6\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u5011\u8981\u9020\u4eba\u300d\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b78\u8ad6\u53e2\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c30\u671f\uff08<\/span>2006\u5e7412\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u980190-91\u3002<\/p>\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u540c\u4e0a\u6ce8\uff0c\u9801<\/span>82\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u540c\u4e0a\u6ce8\uff0c\u9801<\/span>85\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> \u300c\u90fd\u9438\u4f0a\u8389\u6c99\u767d\u6642\u7684\u82f1\u570b\u6587\u85dd\u5fa9\u8208\u628a\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u601d\u6f6e\u5e36\u5165\u82f1\u570b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5728\u53f8\u5f92\u4e9e\u7279\u521d\u671f\u6210\u9577\u7684\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u8207\u6587\u85dd\u5fa9\u8208\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u555f\u8499\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u5c0d\u65b9\u840c\u82bd\u300e\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300f\u6709\u6240\u6cbe\u67d3\u8207\u8ff4\u601d\u3002\u300d\u9673\u601d\u8ce2\uff0c\u3008\u300c\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u6216\u300c\u516c\u5171\u6b0a\u5a01\u300d<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u7c21\u8ad6\u5340\u514b\u590f\u8a6e\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u3009\uff0c<\/span>\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b78\u8ad6\u53e2\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c5\u671f\uff081994\u5e744\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u9801<\/span>89<\/span><\/p>\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u9673\u745e\u5d07\uff0c\u3008\u8ad6\u5229\u7dad\u5766\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u5011\u8981\u9020\u4eba\u300d\u3009\uff0c\u980176\u3002<\/p>\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u9322\u6c38\u7965\uff0c\u3008\u5049\u5927\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u8005\uff1a\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7d55\u5c0d\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u89e3\u91cb\u3009\uff0c\u9801<\/span>110\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u540c\u4e0a\u6ce8\uff0c\u9801<\/span>106\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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