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\u5728\u9177\u5211\u7d93\u9a57\uff08torture experience\uff09\u4e2d\u6210\u9577\uff0c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u4e26\u975e\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u9ebb\u6728\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b78\u6703\u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u71b1\u70c8\u60c5\u7dd2\u2500\u2500\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540d\u2500\u2500\u64fa\u51fa\u6700\u51b7\u975c\u4e0d\u52d5\u7684\u7ad9\u59ff\u3002\u4ed6\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u66fe\u4f5c\u51fa\u5f35\u63da\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u9bae\u65bc\u8868\u9732\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u60c5\u7dd2\u4e4b\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u8f49\u5411\u528a\u5b50\u624b\u662f\u5426\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5f62\u4e0a\u54c9\u554f\u2500\u2500\u4e5f\u8a31\u6bd4\u8d77\u540c\u6642\u4ee3\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u66f4\u5177\u73fe\u4ee3\u6cc1\u5473\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u9ad4\u8a8d\u8207\u502b\u7406\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u60df\u5faa\u6b64\u7406\u89e3\u5230\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8fad\u4ee4\u4e26\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u65bc\u89e3\u91cb\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u66f8\u5beb\u52d5\u6a5f\u8207\u8996\u91ce\uff0c\u65b9\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u63d0\u51fa\u4ed6\u4e26\u975e\u7121\u60c5\u3001\u800c\u662f\u591a\u60c5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff1a\u300c\u5c0d\u5929\u5730\u6700\u7121\u60c5\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4ecd\u80fd\u4f5c\u6700\u6709\u60c5\u7684\u89c0\u770b\u3002\u300d[11]<\/sup><\/a> \u6211\u4ee5\u70ba\u738b\u5fb7\u5a01\u6b64\u53e5\u8a71\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u65bc\u9ede\u51fa\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u9762\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u662f\u4fdd\u6301\u8f03\u62bd\u96e2\u7684\u89c0\u770b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ecb\u5165\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4fbf\u662f\u8a72\u7a2e\u591a\u60c5\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u70ba\u611b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fcd\u4ecb\u5165\u3002\u8aaa\u5230\u300c\u591a\u60c5\u300d\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\uff0c\u65bc\u4e2d\u570b\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u5b78\u8a9e\u5883\u4ee5\u964d\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u5176\u5be6\u5c31\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u6295\u60c5\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e4b\u591a\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u6295\u60c5\u4e4b\u6df1\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u591a\u60c5\u537b\u88ab\u7121\u60c5\u60f1\uff0c\u6dfa\u60c5\u4eba\u5b70\u77e5\u4e00\u4e8c\u3002\uff08\u9019\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u5728\u4e94\u56db\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u7f55\u898b\u7684\uff0c\u4f5c\u5bb6\u81ea\u9858\u300c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5916\u300d\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u5f35\u611b\u73b2\u3001\u9322\u9418\u66f8\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u88ab\u590f\u5fd7\u6e05\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u73fe\u4ee3\u5c0f\u8aaa\u53f2\u300b\uff3bA History of Modern Chinese Fiction<\/em>\uff3d\u6240\u7cbe\u6e96\u628a\u63e1\u5230\u3002\uff09\u5c11\u5e74\u6642\u6df7\u8de1\u6c5f\u6e56\u3001\u89aa\u7779\u6bba\u622e\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\uff0c\u52a0\u91cd\u4e86\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u773c\u5149\u8207\u5c0d\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u900f\u5fb9\u8a8d\u77e5\uff0c\u4e26\u9020\u5c31\u5176\u5f8c\u4f86\u9762\u5c0d\u5de6\u6d3e\u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6c23\u6c1b\u6642\uff0c\u4ecd\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u6e05\u9192\u5730\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u80f8\u4e2d\u60c5\u61f7\u4e0d\u70ba\u4efb\u4f55\u7a7a\u6d1e\u6559\u689d\u6240\u52d5\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u5fa9\u601d\u4ed6\u6240\u5805\u5b9a\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u300c\u8d05\u8ff0\u5b78\u300d\uff0c\u4fbf\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u6b63\u662f\u85c9\u7531\u8a71\u8a9e\u7684\u5167\u5728\u5efa\u69cb\uff0c\u5f97\u4ee5\u8e30\u8d8a\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u7269\u4e8b\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u803d\u6eba\u2500\u2500\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u6df1\u77e5\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u70ba\u9769\u547d\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u7570\u985e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4ed6\u66fe\u4e0d\u7121\u8af7\u523a\u5730\u9673\u8aaa\u300c\u4e0d\u5beb\u300d\u8207\u300c\u80e1\u5beb\u300d\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u7e7c\u800c\u51b7\u51b7\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u9069\u6642\u5373\u5049\u5927\u3002\u5049\u5927\u610f\u7fa9\u5728\u6587\u5b78\u85dd\u8853\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u5df2\u6709\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u300d[12]<\/sup><\/a> \u4eca\u5929\u8b80\u4f86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8b49\u77e5\u6b64\u8a00\u975e\u865b\u3002<\/p>\n

1980\u5e74\u6b72\u672b\uff0c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u66fe\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\u8056\u82e5\u671b\u5927\u5b78\uff08St. John\u2019s University\uff09\u9032\u884c\u6709\u95dc\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u53e4\u4ee3\u670d\u98fe\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7684\u8b1b\u6f14\uff0c\u752b\u958b\u59cb\u4ed6\u4fbf\u61b6\u8ff0\u8d77\u5c0f\u6642\u5019\u9047\u4e0a\u9769\u547d\u5c60\u6bba\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\uff1a\u300c\u9019\u7d66\u6211\u4e00\u500b\u9060\u4e45\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u2500\u2500\u5c31\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0d\u61c9\u6709\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5c60\u6bba\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u6bba\u5225\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u6211\u65e5\u5f8c\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5728\u7121\u5f62\u4e2d\u5c31\u4e0d\u8d0a\u6210\u9019\u7a2e\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u300d[13]<\/sup><\/a> \u9019\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4fbf\u662f\u4ed6\u5c0d\u6574\u9ad4\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u300c\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u300d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53d6\u614b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u627f\u8a8d\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u300c\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u300d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u4e5f\u662f\u6d41\u8b8a\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u7b49\u540c\u4e2d\u5171\u8a9e\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u4efd\u5b50\uff0c\u4e5f\u975e\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u6210\u6cdb\u53cd\u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u56e0\u5faa\u601d\u60f3\u2500\u2500\u4ed6\u7684\u300c\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u300d\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5728\u65bc\u53cd\u5c0d\u9769\u547d\uff08\u6216\u67d0\u653f\u9ee8\u4ee5\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540d\uff09\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u6b98\u9177\u6bba\u622e\u3002\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u7a2e\u56de\u6eaf\u76ee\u5149\u518d\u601d\u300c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u5f8c\u534a\u751f\u300d\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u6211\u5011\u4fbf\u80fd\u767c\u89ba\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u5efa\u570b\u5f8c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u6240\u5448\u73fe\u7684\u751f\u547d\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u5df2\u53ef\u8b02\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u6587\u5b78\u5fd7\u696d\u8207\u73fe\u5be6\u4eba\u751f\u8655\u5883\u7684\u65b7\u88c2\u89e3\u96e2\u3002\u82e5\u7559\u610f\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u8d77\u521d\u5f62\u4f3c\u5275\u5efa\u300c\u4e16\u5916\u6843\u6e90\u300d\u7684\u8877\u60c5\uff0c\u5230\u81ea\u6bba\u672a\u9042\u5f8c\u9000\u6c42\u300c\u701f\u6e58\u6f01\u96b1\u300d\u7684\u5e7b\u6ec5\uff0c\u5728\u5728\u53ef\u898b\u4ed6\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u968e\u6bb5\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\u5716\u5f0f\u7684\u5c0d\u8a71\u4e43\u81f3\u518d\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u610f\u5716\u3002\u800c\u5982\u679c\u300c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u524d\u534a\u751f\u300d\u8207\u300c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u5f8c\u534a\u751f\u300d\u4e26\u975e\u50cf\u67d0\u4e9b\u8ad6\u8005\u932f\u8a8d\u662f\u812b\u7bc0\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u4e0d\u59a8\u7406\u89e3\u6210\u57281949\u5e74\u5927\u5c40\u5df2\u5b9a\u904e\u5f8c\uff0c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u9813\u7136\u5207\u63db\u59ff\u614b\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6ed1\u7a3d\u5730\u7acb\u5373\u4e5d\u5341\u5ea6\u300c\u5de6\u8f49\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9078\u64c7\u9ed8\u9ed8\u9000\u907f\u6025\u6d41\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u5faa\u6cbf\u5be9\u8996\u73fe\u4ee3\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u632b\u50b7\u7d50\u6676\uff0c\u4e26\u6416\u624b\u53ec\u559a\u6216\u8a31\u80fd\u8207\u6642\u4ee3\u7576\u4e0b\u4e92\u76f8\u5c0d\u8a71\u7684\u67d0\u7a2e\u53e4\u8001\u610f\u8b58\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u62fe\u6387\u76ca\u52a9\u6587\u660e\u5ef6\u7e8c\u7684\u5951\u6a5f\u2500\u2500\u4ed6\u5805\u6301\u7684\u539f\u5247\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u60c5\u300d\u5b57\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c0d\u5929\u4e0b\u84bc\u751f\u3001\u5c0d\u7f8e\u597d\u6587\u660e\u6709\u60c5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6295\u60c5\u6975\u6df1\uff1b\u6545\u4ed6\u53cd\u5c0d\u6559\u689d\u7684\u675f\u7e1b\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u9769\u547d\u7684\u975e\u4eba\u6027\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4ee5\u51f9\u6298\u5c48\u5c45\u7684\u59ff\u614b\u2500\u2500\u53ea\u76fc\u4ee5\u300c\u591a\u60c5\u300d\u7684\u751f\u547d\u771f\u5be6\uff0c\u62b5\u5236\u300c\u7121\u60c5\u300d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u73fe\u5be6\uff1a\u300c\u5982\u628a\u4e00\u5207\u672c\u4f86\u5c6c\u65bc\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u7a2e\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f\u5438\u6536\u8f49\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53bb\u76e1\uff0c\u4e00\u4f8b\u90fd\u6b78\u7d0d\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u8b58\u4e0a\u53bb\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u5fc5\u7136\u554f\u984c\u5c31\u76f8\u7576\u9ebb\u7169\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u514d\u5c07\u4eba\u7c21\u5316\u6210\u6575\u8207\u53cb\u2026\u2026\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u9694\u95a1\uff0c\u731c\u5fcc\uff0c\u6d88\u8017\u3002\u300d[14]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

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\u9109\u6101\u65e2\u7136\u80fd\u5920\u50c5\u4f5c\u60f3\u50cf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u5207\u6307\u6d89\u4fbf\u5f97\u4ee5\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u5730\u300c\u6beb\u7121\u6839\u64da\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u8207\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u5df2\u88ab\u5fb9\u5e95\u6d88\u89e3\u96e2\u5834\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u5c64\u7406\u89e3\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u5f97\u4ee5\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u300c\u60c5\u300d\u8207\u300c\u8d05\u8ff0\u5b78\u300d\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u81ea\u8eab\u5c0d\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u300e\u6709\u60c5\u300f\u6558\u4e8b\u300d\u4ea6\u662f\u591a\u6709\u6df1\u601d\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u3008\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6292\u60c5\u3009\u88e1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4fbf\u63d0\u51fa\u53ef\u628a\u8a9e\u8a00\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u7576\u4f5c\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u6292\u60c5\u300d\u770b\u5f85\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u5927\u9678\u65b0\u6587\u5b78\u53f2\u5bb6\u8207\u6292\u60c5\u50b3\u7d71\u8ad6\u8ff0\u8af8\u5bb6\u4ff1\u66fe\u5c08\u8ad6\u8a6e\u91cb\u7684\u3002\u800c\u6211\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7576\u6558\u4e8b\u7684\u9109\u6101\u6240\u6307\u5df2\u88ab\u62bd\u7a7a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u300c\u60c5\u300d\u4fbf\u80fd\u5920\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u900f\u904e\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\uff0c\u6df1\u5d4c\u5728\u65bc\u6558\u4e8b\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u8aaa\uff0c\u8207\u6558\u4e8b\u672c\u8eab\u540c\u7fa9\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u547c\u61c9\u4e86\u666e\u5b89\u8fea\uff08Andrew H. Plaks\uff0c\u4ea6\u8b6f\u4f5c\uff1a\u6d66\u5b89\u8fea\uff09\u6240\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u4e00\u90e8\u6558\u4e8b\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u807d\u8aaa\u8a71\u4eba\u7684\u8072\u97f3\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4\u807d\u6545\u4e8b\u91cd\u8981\u5f97\u591a \u3002\u300d[17]<\/sup><\/a> \u800c\u7576\u901d\u6c34\u5e74\u83ef\u53ea\u80fd\u900f\u904e\u6558\u8ff0\u56de\u8fd4\uff0c\u5247\u8ffd\u61b6\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4fbf\u5df2\u50ed\u6210\u4e86\u8a18\u61b6\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u672c\u8eab\uff1a\u4e00\u7a2e\u53ec\u559a\u8a18\u61b6\u7684\u8a9e\u8abf\uff08tone\uff09\u2500\u2500\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u660e\u3001\u5c0d\u5929\u5730\u84bc\u751f\u7684\u300c\u591a\u60c5\u300d\u65e2\u7136\u96e3\u4ee5\u8a00\u8aaa\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u9053\u65b7\u300d\uff1b\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u4fbf\u85c9\u7531\u60f3\u50cf\u628a\u60c5\uff08\u6b64\u8655\u6307\u5411\u5c0d\u7f8e\u597d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u300c\u9109\u6101\u300d\uff09\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u61f8\u7f6e\uff0c\u8b93\u90a3\u526a\u4e0d\u65b7\u3001\u7406\u9084\u4e82\u7684\u60c5\u5f97\u4ee5\u6700\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u50be\u6ce8\u65bc\u8d05\u8ff0\u7684\u8a9e\u8abf\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u8072\u97f3\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u865b\u69cb\u800c\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u62db\u9b42\u6b4c\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u539f\u9109\u59cb\u7d42\u5fb5\u9010\u3001\u53c8\u7121\u6cd5\u8da8\u8fd1\u7684\u59ff\u614b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\uff08\u524d\u534a\u751f\uff09\u80fd\u5920\u6c38\u6046\u5c55\u73fe\u5176\u5c0d\u6709\u751f\u4e09\u5343\u7684\u4e00\u5f80\u60c5\u6df1\uff1a\u300c\u6587\u5b78\u85dd\u8853\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u53ef\u8aaa\u5373\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u751f\u547d\u5ef6\u9577\u64f4\u5927\u7684\u9858\u671b\u3002\u300d[18]<\/sup><\/a> \u5982\u662f\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u590f\u5fd7\u6e05\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u4ee5\u81ea\u8eab\u4f5c\u54c1\u300c\u80af\u5b9a\u4e86\u795e\u8a71\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u300d\uff0c[19]<\/sup><\/a> \u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u6bcb\u5be7\u53ef\u66f4\u7cbe\u7c21\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u6240\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u300c\u60f3\u50cf\u300d\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ba\u4fdd\u5168\uff08\u9996\u5148\u662f\u5f62\u4e0a\u7684\uff09\u81ea\u8eab\u751f\u547d\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u8981\u5247\u3002\u800c\u5047\u82e5\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u8b49\u5f97\u83e9\u63d0\u53ef\u5411\u5fc3\uff08\u60f3\u50cf\uff09\u8993\uff0c\u8b80\u8005\u53c8\u4f55\u5fc5\u5927\u8cbb\u5fc3\u795e\u300c\u7834\u8b6f\u300d\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0b\u7684\u6587\u5316\u795e\u8a71\uff1f[20]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

\u53ea\u662f\uff0c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u6df1\u77e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a3b\u5b9a\u662f\u500b\u751f\u4e0d\u9022\u6642\u7684\u7570\u985e\u3002\u90a3\u662f\u9769\u547d\u795e\u8a71\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u662f\u771f\u646f\u8207\u865b\u507d\u3001\u591a\u60c5\u8207\u7121\u60c5\u88ab\u6b77\u53f2\u300c\u91cd\u9020\u300d\u800c\u59cb\u7d42\u985b\u5012\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u300c\u8d05\u8ff0\u5b78\u300d\u662f\u540c\u4ee3\u6587\u4eba\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u7684\uff0c\u66f4\u7531\u6b64\u5c0d\u4ed6\u751f\u51fa\u8af8\u591a\u6307\u8b2b\u8207\u96e3\u4ee5\u8faf\u660e\u7684\u626d\u66f2\u3002\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u9b6f\u8fc5\u4e00\u8108\u751a\u6216\u662f\u5de6\u7ffc\u7684\u5beb\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u662f\u622a\u7136\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u6292\u60c5\u800c\u8a69\u5316\uff1b\u800c\u96d6\u7136\u7c60\u7d71\u5730\u4f5c\u70ba\u4eac\u6d3e\u4e00\u54e1\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f5c\u904e\u4e0d\u5c11\u6587\u7ae0\u7b46\u8a0e\u4e0a\u6d77\u6587\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u8207\u4eac\u6d3e\u90a3\u7a2e\u8981\u6c42\u6587\u5b78\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u76f8\u9694\u7684\u6c23\u6d3e\u4ecd\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4e0a\u6587\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u81ea\u9858\u300c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5916\u300d\u7684\uff0c\u6545\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u627f\u53d7\u6b64\u4e2d\u7684\u5b64\u7368\u8207\u75db\u82e6\u3002\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u5f1f\u5b50\u6c6a\u66fe\u797a\u4fbf\u66fe\u4ee5\u300a\u908a\u57ce\u300b\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\u88e1\u5f80\u5f80\u5e36\u7740\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u75db\u60dc\u60c5\u7dd2\u7684\u61f7\u820a\u300d\uff0c[21]<\/sup><\/a> \u6211\u60f3\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u898b\u8b49\u7740\u7121\u4eba\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6df1\u75db\u2500\u2500\u56e0\u70ba\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5728\u4f55\u7b49\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6307\u5411\u96c6\u9ad4\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u7e3d\u61c9\u5148\u662f\u500b\u4eba\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u75db\u60dc\u3001\u66f4\u662f\u81ea\u6190\u7684\u9109\u6101\u3002\u4ed6\u591a\u60c5\uff0c\u591a\u60c5\u53c8\u4f5c\u4f55\u7528\uff1f\u591a\u60c5\u7e3d\u88ab\u7121\u60c5\u50b7\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u50b7\u300d\u662f\u7121\u6cd5\u5728\u73fe\u4e16\u89e3\u6551\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u65bc\u7cbe\u795e\u4e16\u754c\u8a66\u5716\u8de8\u8d8a\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u6b32\u6307\u51fa\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u300c\u591a\u60c5\u300d\u7684\u6700\u7d42\u4e00\u5c64\uff1a\u4e00\u7a2e\u5bec\u5b8f\u7684\u300c\u795e\u6027\u300d\u9ad4\u609f\u3002\u9019\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7528\u8a9e\uff0c\u4ed6\u671f\u671b\u4ee5\u66f8\u5beb\u6355\u6349\u96b1\u85cf\u5728\u4e16\u9593\u7684\u300c\u795e\u6027\u300d\u8072\u97f3\uff1a\u300c\u4e00\u5207\u975c\u5bc2\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u7d44\u8072\u97f3\u5728\u52d5\uff0c\u8868\u73fe\u751f\u547d\u7d14\u7cb9\u3002\u300d[22]<\/sup><\/a> \u6211\u60f3\u6b64\u4e2d\u503c\u5f97\u7559\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u5f9e\u4f86\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u795e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u67d0\u9053\u56e0\u60f3\u50cf\u800c\u751f\u767c\u7684\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u5875\u4e16\u662f\u975e\u5229\u5bb3\u7684\u2500\u2500\u56e0\u5c0d\u751f\u547d\u672c\u8eab\u904e\u65bc\u6df1\u60c5\uff0c\u800c\u986f\u5f97\u300c\u975e\u4eba\u60c5\u300d\u7684\u2500\u2500\u8072\u97f3\u3002[23]<\/sup><\/a> \u751a\u81f3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u9019\u6a23\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\u6d88\u62b5\u50b7\u5bb3\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u5404\u7a2e\u73fe\u4e16\u5211\u7f70\u4e4b\u9014\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700\u6df1\u60c5\u3001\u4e5f\u6700\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4eba\uff1a\u300c\u628a\u8655\u7f70\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u5fd8\u6389\uff0c\u8655\u7f70\u7684\u6642\u9593\u5fd8\u6389\u2026\u2026\u6211\u61c9\u611f\u8b1d\u90a3\u7a2e\u8655\u7f70\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u7121\u6cd5\u540c\u81ea\u7136\u63a5\u8fd1\u6642\uff0c\u7d66\u6211\u4e00\u500b\u7df4\u7fd2\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u3002\u300d[24]<\/sup><\/a> \u9019\u662f\u51e1\u4eba\u8a3b\u5b9a\u7121\u6cd5\u807d\u805e\u7684\uff0c\u859b\u897f\u5f17\u65af\uff08Sisyphus\uff09\u5c71\u4e0a\u7684\u9cf3\u51f0\u9cf4\u8072\u3002<\/p>\n

\u805e\u8aaa\u5728\u6e58\u897f\u9cf3\u51f0\u807d\u6fe4\u5c71\u4e0a\uff0c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u5893\u7891\u4e0a\u93b8\u523b\u7740\u9019\u9ebc\u4e00\u53e5\uff1a\u300c\u661f\u6597\u5176\u6587\uff0c\u8d64\u5b50\u5176\u4eba\u3002\u300d\u5c31\u4f5c\u5bb6\u8ad6\u7684\u5c64\u9762\u5be9\u8996\u5176\u300c\u9109\u4e0b\u4eba\u300d\u4f5c\u5bb6\u795e\u8a71\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u50b3\u5947\u8f49\u6298\uff0c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u78ba\u662f\u500b\u4e0d\u6298\u4e0d\u6263\u7684\u8d64\u5b50\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u6587\u5b78\u7684\u5c08\u60c5\uff0c\u8b93\u4ed6\u7121\u6127\u4f5c\u70ba\u6642\u4ee3\u4e2d\u6700\u6301\u5b88\u5c0d\u6587\u5b78\u4e43\u81f3\u751f\u547d\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6709\u6240\u300c\u57f7\u7740\u7684\u6587\u5b78\u8005\u300d\u3002[25]<\/sup><\/a> \u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u6975\u6df1\u800c\u6975\u5b64\u7368\u7684\u300c\u591a\u60c5\u300d\uff0c\u66f4\u6307\u5411\u4ed6\u5c0d\u6b77\u53f2\u6587\u660e\u8207\u793e\u6703\u502b\u7406\u7684\u64d4\u7576\uff0c\u8b93\u5176\u540c\u6642\u4f5c\u70ba\u85a9\u4f0a\u5fb7\uff08Edward W. Said\uff09\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u8005\u300d\u3002[26]<\/sup><\/a> \u8a66\u554f\u6574\u500b\u4e2d\u570b\u73fe\u4ee3\u6587\u5b78\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b64\u7b49\u5049\u5927\uff0c\u80fd\u6709\u5e7e\u4eba\uff1f\u6211\u60f3\u5927\u6982\u5982\u91d1\u4ecb\u752b\uff08Jeffery C. Kinkley\uff09\u6240\u793a\uff1a\u540c\u6642\u4ee3\u88e1\u80fd\u8207\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u4e00\u6bd4\u9577\u77ed\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u53ea\u6709\u9b6f\u8fc5\uff0c\u9019\u5be6\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b97\u662f\u5c0d\u9b6f\u8fc5\u4e0d\u656c\u3002[27]<\/sup><\/a> \u6211\u6df1\u4fe1\u4e00\u9ede\uff1a\u88ab\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u300c\u60c5\u4e4b\u6240\u937e\u300d\u6240\u6df1\u6df1\u6253\u52d5\u800c\u6975\u6b32\u70ba\u5176\u7ffb\u6848\u8005\uff0c\u5fc5\u5b9a\u4e0d\u6b62\u6211\u4e00\u4eba\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7dbf\u9577\u9cf4\u8072\u8a3b\u5b9a\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u7121\u4eba\u7684\u5c71\u6cb3\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5f9e\u4e0d\u70ba\u4e16\u4eba\u6240\u8f15\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4e5f\u8a31\uff0c\u77bf\u79cb\u767d\u665a\u5e74\u7684\u6168\u5606\u4ea6\u80fd\u5957\u7528\u5230\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u8eab\u4e0a\uff1a\u300c\u77e5\u6211\u8005\uff0c\u8b02\u6211\u5fc3\u6182\uff1b\u4e0d\u77e5\u6211\u8005\uff0c\u8b02\u6211\u4f55\u6c42\u3002\u300d[28]<\/sup><\/a> \u51dd\u4f47\u5176\u7336\u5982\u9577\u6cb3\u8d05\u8ff0\u7684\u6587\u5b78\u8207\u4eba\u751f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u9053\u662f\u7121\u60c5\u537b\u6709\u60c5\u7684\u77ac\u9593\u2500\u2500\u6709\u60c5\u56fa\u96e3\u77e5\uff0c\u4f55\u5fc5\u8aaa\uff1f\u4ed6\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u6c92\u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u597d\u8aaa\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u5f8c\u8a18<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8b80\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u5c0d\u6211\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u5f88\u7368\u7279\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u3002\u4e2d\u5b78\u6642\u56e0\u53cb\u4eba\u8d08\u66f8\uff0c\u5bb6\u4e2d\u66f8\u6ac3\u6709\u4e86\u300a\u908a\u57ce\u300b\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5c11\u5e74\u6642\u6211\u5927\u6982\u66f4\u559c\u6b61\u8b80\u53e4\u9f8d\u7684\u300a\u908a\u57ce\u6d6a\u5b50\u300b\uff1f\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u4e88\u6211\u7684\u611f\u89ba\u59cb\u7d42\u662f\u6587\u7b46\u62d6\u6c93\uff0c\u4e0d\u751a\u4eae\u9e97\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u597d\u90a3\u6642\u5019\u6211\u662f\u672a\u61c2\u6b23\u8cde\u7684\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u5fd8\u4e86\u4f55\u6545\uff0c\u5bb6\u4e2d\u300a\u908a\u57ce\u300b\u53c8\u8f49\u8b93\u51fa\u53bb\u3002\u81f3\u4e0a\u5927\u5b78\u5f8c\uff0c\u65b9\u59cb\u8a8d\u8a8d\u771f\u771f\u5730\u5faa\u4e2d\u570b\u73fe\u4ee3\u6587\u5b78\u53f2\u8b80\uff0c\u5c0d\u5ee2\u540d\uff08\u5373\u99ae\u6587\u70b3\uff09\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u559c\u611b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u9577\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8aaa\u300a\u6a4b\u300b\u3002\u56e0\u8208\u8da3\u7ffb\u67e5\u5ee2\u540d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u6211\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5176\u5c0d\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u4e43\u81f3\u6c6a\u66fe\u797a\u4e00\u8108\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u56e0\u90a3\u6642\u5019\u4ea6\u66fe\u7740\u8ff7\u65bc\u590f\u6c0f\u5144\u5f1f\u8207\u674e\u6b50\u68b5\u3001\u738b\u5fb7\u5a01\u7b49\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u73fe\u4ee3\u6587\u5b78\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u5bdf\u89ba\u6bd4\u8d77\u5927\u9678\u300c\u6b63\u6714\u300d\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u6f22\u5b78\u7684\u8996\u91ce\u5f88\u5e38\u843d\u5230\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5fc3\u751f\u597d\u5947\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u7a2e\u7a2e\uff0c\u7b97\u662f\u5f15\u5c0e\u6211\u5f9e\u4e2d\u91cd\u65b0\u300c\u767c\u73fe\u300d\u4e86\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u66ab\u5c45\u53f0\u5317\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u5e38\u5e38\u901b\u4e8c\u624b\u66f8\u5e97\uff0c\u56e0\u7de3\u969b\u6703\u4e4b\u4e0b\u8cb7\u5230\u4e86\u300a\u908a\u57ce\u300b\u3001\u300a\u9577\u6cb3\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5f9e\u6587\u81ea\u50b3\u300b\u7b49\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u9999\u6e2f\u5927\u534a\u5e74\uff0c\u7d42\u65bc\u6709\u7a7a\u9918\u6642\u9593\u6367\u8b80\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u8b80\u4f86\uff0c\u5c0d\u7167\u6642\u4ee3\u88e1\u653f\u6cbb\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u6291\u6216\u500b\u4eba\u60c5\u611f\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u7d1b\u4e82\uff0c\u4ff1\u5225\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u6ecb\u5473\u65bc\u4e2d\u96e3\u8a00\u3002\u67d0\u591c\u8f3e\u8f49\u4e0d\u7720\uff0c\u60f3\u8d77\u8607\u6771\u5761\u6709\u53e5\uff1a\u300c\u591a\u60c5\u537b\u88ab\u7121\u60c5\u60f1\u300d\uff0c\u6df1\u6709\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u6545\u70ba\u6b64\u6587\u8a18\u4e4b\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u300c\u8d05\u8ff0\u5b78\u300d\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u65bc\u6b64\u53ea\u662f\u6dfa\u7565\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u6216\u986f\u9b06\u6563\uff0c\u65e5\u5f8c\u5b9a\u5c07\u518d\u5c31\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u5275\u4f5c\u70ba\u6587\u5c08\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u6ce8\u91cb<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> \u95dc\u65bc\u5f35\u611b\u73b2\u7b46\u4e0b\u4e43\u81f3\u5176\u4eba\u751f\u5c0d\u300c\u611b\u300d\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u662f\u4f5c\u4f55\u9ad4\u8a8d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8aaa\u5979\u662f\u591a\u60c5\u9084\u662f\u7121\u60c5\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u7576\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e5f\u672a\u6562\u5b9a\u596a\u3002\u6211\u66fe\u4f5c\u6587\u63d0\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u806f\u60f3\u5230\u9999\u6e2f\u4f5c\u5bb6\u9ec3\u78a7\u96f2\u5728\u300a\u7121\u611b\u7d00\u300b\u88e1\u5982\u662f\u5beb\u9053\uff1a\u300e\u5728\u9019\u96e3\u4ee5\u5b89\u8eab\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8c48\u6562\u5962\u8a00\u611b\u3002\u300f\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u5176\u5be6\u4ea6\u8207\u66f9\u4e03\u5de7\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u4e5f\u662f\u5f35\u611b\u73b2\uff09\u7684\u751f\u547d\u8ecc\u8de1\u6709\u6240\u758a\u5408\uff1a\u4eba\u82e5\u8a00\u6e34\u6c42\u611b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u5728\u6642\u4ee3\u4e82\u6d41\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u611b\uff1b\u611b\u5176\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u611b\u5176\u81ea\u6bc0\u3002\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5f35\u611b\u73b2\u5c31\u4ee5\u66f8\u5beb\u4e03\u5de7\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u5982\u662f\u555f\u793a\u6211\u5011\uff1a\u7576\u6642\u4ee3\u8feb\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u7121\u77e5\u3001\u6216\u7121\u80fd\u65bc\u611b\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u7121\u611b\u3001\u6291\u6216\u81ea\u611b\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u6211\u5011\u6240\u80fd\u52d5\u54e1\u7684\uff0c\u6700\u5351\u5fae\u4f46\u4e5f\u6700\u6df1\u5207\u7684\u611b\u2500\u2500\u9019\u53ef\u8b02\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f62\u76f8\u5331\u4e4f\u7684\u611b\u7684\u8faf\u8b49\u5b78\u2026\u2026\u300d\u53c3\u8003\u52de\u7def\u6d1b\uff1a\u3008\u767e\u5e74\u9084\u9b45\u5f35\u611b\u73b2\uff1a\u5f9e\u300a\u91d1\u9396\u8a18\u300b\u8ac7\u5230\u6642\u4ee3\u88e1\u7684\u611b\u6028\u61fc\u3009\uff0c\u8f09\u300a\u660e\u5831\u300b\u4e16\u7d00\u7248\uff0c2020\u5e749\u670825\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> \u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u6975\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u5169\u90e8\u9577\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8aaa\u300a\u908a\u57ce\u300b\u8207\u300a\u9577\u6cb3\u300b\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u5275\u4f5c\u65bc1934\u5e74\u82071938\u5e74\uff0c\u5747\u662f\u8207\u300a\u5f9e\u6587\u81ea\u50b3\u300b\u5c6c\u540c\u4e00\u6642\u671f\u64b0\u5beb\uff1b\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7d55\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5275\u4f5c\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u90fd\u57281930\u81f31950\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u9593\u3002\u800c\u5c0d\u61c9\u300c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u5f8c\u534a\u751f\u300d\uff0c\u5c31\u61c9\u53c3\u8003\u4ed6\u5beb\u65bc1966\u81f31976\u5e74\u9593\u300a\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u5bb6\u66f8\uff081966\u20131976\uff09\uff1a\u96e2\u4e82\u671f\u7684\u9b31\u616e\u6df1\u6182\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u65b0\u661f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2012\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f35\u65b0\u7a4e\u8457\u300a\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u5f8c\u534a\u751f\uff1a1948\u20131988\u300b\uff08\u6842\u6797\uff1a\u5ee3\u897f\u5e2b\u7bc4\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2014\uff09\u3002\u60df\u672c\u6587\u5e0c\u671b\u5c31\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u6587\u5b78\u5275\u4f5c\u8207\u4eba\u751f\u53d6\u614b\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e26\u7f6e\u6642\u9593\u7684\u8003\u64da\uff0c\u6545\u6703\u66f4\u96c6\u4e2d\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4ed6\u7684\u524d\u534a\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> \u95dc\u65bc\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u5c0d\u81ea\u8eab\u5167\u5411\u6027\u683c\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u53c3\u8003\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\uff1a\u3008\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u300a\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5377\uff08\u592a\u539f\uff1a\u5317\u5cb3\u6587\u85dd\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2002\uff09\uff0c7\u20138\u3002<\/p>\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> \u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\uff1a\u3008\u908a\u57ce\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u81ea\u50b3\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u806f\u5408\u6587\u5b78\uff0c1990\uff09\uff0c123\u3002<\/p>\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> \u6211\u4f30\u8a08\u9019\u4e5f\u8ddf\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u5e74\u8f15\u6642\u66fe\u5beb\u5927\u91cf\u660e\u4fe1\u7247\u8207\u4fe1\u4ef6\u4f86\u6253\u52d5\u5f35\u5146\u548c\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u60f3\u5fc5\u662f\u5728\u90a3\u6642\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u5c0d\u5fb7\u5e0c\u9054\u8ad6\u5230\u7684\u660e\u4fe1\u7247\u610f\u8c61\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u6587\u5b78\u4e4b\u70ba\u5ef6\u7570\u7684\u9053\u7406\u6709\u8457\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u9ad4\u6703\u3002<\/p>\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> \u95dc\u65bc\u61f8\u7f6e\uff08aporia\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u53ef\u5728\u6b64\u7a0d\u518d\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u4e8b\u7de3\u65e9\u524d\u6211\u8ddf\u67d0\u7de8\u8f2f\u8ac7\u8d77\u201caporia\u201d\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\uff0c\u6211\u628a\u5b83\u7406\u89e3\u6210\u300c\u61f8\u7f6e\u300d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5247\u7406\u89e3\u6210\u300c\u7121\u6cd5\u5316\u7d04\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u300d\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9817\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u6211\u7565\u4f5c\u67e5\u8b49\uff1a\u201caporia\u201d\u5728\u8a5e\u6e90\u4e0a\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u6307\u75c5\u7406\u5b78\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u7a7a\u8179\uff0c\u5373\u8840\u7cd6\u4f4e\u4e4b\u985e\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u6688\u7729\u3001\u98e2\u9913\uff0c\u5728\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u6210\u67d0\u7a2e\u5331\u7f3a\u7684\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u4fee\u8fad\u8a9e\u5883\uff0c\u4fbf\u610f\u5473\u8457\u7269\u4e8bA\u5230\u7269\u4e8bB\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u6c38\u9060\u7121\u6cd5\u901a\u884c\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u300c\u7121\u6cd5\u5316\u7d04\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u300d\u61c9\u70ba\u5f15\u4f38\u7fa9\uff0c\u5373\u628a\u63e1\u5230\u5f9e\u7269\u4e8bA\u5230\u7269\u4e8bB\u4e4b\u9593\u6240\u5448\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u4e0d\u65b7\u7ac4\u5ef6\u7e5e\u8def\uff0c\u4e26\u6c38\u9060\u7121\u6cd5\u9054\u5230\u65e2\u5b9a\u300c\u771f\u5be6\u300d\u7684\u5331\u7f3a\u72c0\u614b\uff1b\u81f3\u65bc\u61f8\u7f6e\u5247\u61c9\u70ba\u53e6\u4e00\u5f15\u4f38\u7fa9\uff0c\u5f9e\u75c5\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u672c\u610f\uff0c\u63a8\u6f14\u5230\u5c0d\u300c\u617e\u671b\u2014\u4e3b\u9ad4\u300d\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u4e4b\u6e34\u6c42\uff0c\u662f\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u6c38\u4e0d\u53ef\u5373\u7684\u9109\u6101\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u7576\u617e\u671b\u662f\u61f8\u7f6e\u7684\uff0c\u8eab\u9ad4\u662f\u61f8\u7f6e\u7684\uff0c\u7cbe\u795e\u662f\u61f8\u7f6e\u7684\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u610f\u7fa9\u56fa\u7136\u4e5f\u662f\u61f8\u7f6e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> \u738b\u5fb7\u5a01\uff1a\u3008\u300c\u982d\u300d\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u300a\u6b77\u53f2\u8207\u602a\u7378\uff1a\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u6558\u4e8b\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u9ea5\u7530\u51fa\u7248\uff0c2011\uff09\uff0c38\u3002<\/p>\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> \u738b\u5fb7\u5a01\uff1a\u3008\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u4e09\u6b21\u555f\u609f\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6292\u60c5\u50b3\u7d71\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\uff1a\u5728\u5317\u5927\u7684\u516b\u5802\u8ab2\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u751f\u6d3b\uff0e\u8b80\u66f8\uff0e\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u806f\u66f8\u5e97\uff0c2010\u5e74\uff09\uff0c112\u3002<\/p>\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> \u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\uff1a\u3008\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4e00\u8ab2\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u81ea\u50b3\u300b\uff0c22\u3002<\/p>\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c25\u3002<\/p>\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> \u738b\u5fb7\u5a01\uff1a\u3008\u5f9e\u982d\u8ac7\u8d77\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u5c0f\u8aaa\u4e2d\u570b\uff1a\u665a\u6e05\u5230\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u5c0f\u8aaa\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u9ea5\u7530\u51fa\u7248\uff0c1993\uff09\uff0c25\u3002<\/p>\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> \u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\uff1a\u3008\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6292\u60c5\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u9673\u570b\u7403\u3001\u738b\u5fb7\u5a01\u7de8\uff1a\u300a\u6292\u60c5\u4e4b\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\uff1a\u300c\u6292\u60c5\u50b3\u7d71\u300d\u8ad6\u8ff0\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u751f\u6d3b\uff0e\u8b80\u66f8\uff0e\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u806f\u66f8\u5e97\uff0c2014\uff09\uff0c243\u3002\uff1b\u539f\u6536\u300a\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u5377\u3002<\/p>\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> \u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\uff1a\u3008\u5f9e\u65b0\u6587\u5b78\u8f49\u5230\u6b77\u53f2\u6587\u7269\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u5289\u6d2a\u6fe4\u7de8\uff1a\u300a\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u6279\u8a55\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff08\u5ee3\u6771\uff1a\u73e0\u6d77\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1998\uff09\uff0c443\u2013444\uff1b\u539f\u6536\u300a\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u6587\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c\u5341\u5377\uff08\u5ee3\u6771\uff1a\u82b1\u57ce\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1984\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> \u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\uff1a\u3008\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6292\u60c5\u3009\uff0c245\u2013246\u3002\u4ee5\u6211\u731c\u60f3\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u8a31\u5c31\u662f\u70ba\u4f55\u5982\u6b64\u57f7\u8457\u6840\u50b2\u7684\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u6703\u7b54\u61c9\u5468\u6069\u4f86\u8b93\u4ed6\u4f5c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u53e4\u4ee3\u670d\u98fe\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u4e26\u53c3\u8207\u7de8\u5beb\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u5716\u8b5c\u300b\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u6392\u9664\u4efb\u4f55\u6b0a\u529b\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u8a71\u3002<\/p>\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> \u53c3\u8003\u738b\u5fb7\u5a01\uff1a\u3008\u539f\u9109\u795e\u8a71\u7684\u8ffd\u9010\u8005\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u5c0f\u8aaa\u4e2d\u570b\uff1a\u665a\u6e05\u5230\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u5c0f\u8aaa\u300b\uff0c249\u2013278\u3002<\/p>\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> \u5433\u66c9\u6771\uff1a\u3008\u5f9e\u300c\u6545\u4e8b\u300d\u5230\u300c\u5c0f\u8aaa\u300d\u2500\u2500\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u6558\u4e8b\u6b77\u7a0b\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u9577\u6c99\u7406\u5de5\u5927\u5b78\u5b78\u5831\uff0e\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u7248\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u671f\uff082011\uff09\uff0c87\u3002<\/p>\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> \u666e\u5b89\u8fea\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u6558\u4e8b\u5b78\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1996\uff09\uff0c18\u3002<\/p>\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> \u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\uff1a\u3008\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6292\u60c5\u3009\uff0c240\u3002<\/p>\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> \u590f\u5fd7\u6e05\u8457\u3001\u5289\u7d39\u9298\u8b6f\uff1a\u3008\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u3000\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u3009\uff0c\u898b\u5289\u7d39\u9298\u7b49\u8b6f\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u73fe\u4ee3\u5c0f\u8aaa\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u9999\u6e2f\uff1a\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2015\uff0c\u7b2c2\u7248\uff09\uff0c144\u3002<\/p>\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> \u9019\u8655\u7576\u7136\u662f\u6697\u7528\u4e86\u300a\u516d\u7956\u58c7\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u4f5b\u5048\uff1a\u300c\u83e9\u63d0\u53ea\u5411\u5fc3\u8993\uff0c\u4f55\u52de\u5411\u5916\u6c42\u7384\uff1f\u300d<\/p>\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> \u6c6a\u66fe\u797a\u8457\u3001\u5289\u6fe4\u8a55\uff1a\u3008\u53c8\u8b80\u300a\u908a\u57ce\u300b\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6c6a\u66fe\u797a\u8ad6\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u300b\uff08\u63da\u5dde\uff1a\u5ee3\u9675\u66f8\u793e\uff0c2016\uff09\uff0c105\u3002<\/p>\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> \u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\uff1a\u3008\u6f5b\u6df5\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u300a\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u5377\uff0c25\u3002<\/p>\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> \u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u60c5\u300d\u8207\u300c\u975e\u4eba\u60c5\u300d\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u8faf\u8b49\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u590f\u76ee\u6f31\u77f3\u8207\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u6709\u8457\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u65bc\u6b64\u5c31\u4e0d\u5197\u8ff0\u3002\u53c3\u8003\u590f\u76ee\u6f31\u77f3\u8457\u3001\u5289\u5b50\u5029\u8b6f\uff1a\u3008\u8349\u6795\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u300a\u8349\u6795\uff1a\u96b1\u9038\u7f8e\u5b78\u7684\u6975\u81f4\u66f8\u5beb\uff0c\u590f\u76ee\u6f31\u77f3\u6700\u5177\u8a69\u5883\u7d93\u5178\u5c0f\u8aaa\u96c6\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5927\u724c\u51fa\u7248\uff0c2016\uff09\uff0c5\u2013205\u3002<\/p>\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> \u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\uff1a\u3008\u6211\u8b80\u4e00\u672c\u5c0f\u66f8\u540c\u6642\u53c8\u8b80\u4e00\u672c\u5927\u66f8\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u81ea\u50b3\u300b\uff0c11\u3002<\/p>\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> \u5510\u5049\u3001\u5433\u66c9\u6771\uff1a\u3008\u300c\u7d30\u8b80\u300d\u548c\u300c\u5927\u5beb\u300d\uff1a\u95dc\u4e8e\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8a2a\u8ac7\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u7576\u4ee3\u6587\u58c7\u300b\u7b2c\u4e94\u671f\uff082018\uff09\uff0c84\uff1b\u4ea6\u6536\u65bc\u5433\u66c9\u6771\uff1a\u300a\u5922\u4e2d\u7684\u5f69\u7b46\uff1a\u4e2d\u570b\u73fe\u4ee3\u6587\u5b78\u6f2b\u8b80\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2018\uff09\uff0c320\u2013330\u3002<\/p>\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c85\u3002<\/p>\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> \u53c3\u8003\u91d1\u4ecb\u752b\u8457\u3001\u7b26\u5bb6\u6b3d\u8b6f\uff1a\u300a\u4ed6\u5f9e\u9cf3\u51f0\u4f86\uff1a\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u50b3\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u65b0\u661f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2018\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> \u77bf\u79cb\u767d\uff1a\u300a\u591a\u9918\u7684\u8a71\u300b\uff08\u9577\u6c99\uff1a\u5cb3\u9e93\u66f8\u793e\uff0c200\u5e74\uff09\uff0c319\u3002\u6211\u60f3\u5230\u738b\u5fb7\u5a01\u4ea6\u66fe\u8aaa\u904e\uff1a\u300c\u6c88\u5f9e\u6587\u7684\u8a71\u4e5f\u662f\u300e\u591a\u9918\u7684\u8a71\u300f\uff0c\u5165\u4e0d\u5f97\u7576\u4ee3\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u773c\u3002\u300d\u53c3\u8003\u738b\u5fb7\u5a01\uff1a\u3008\u300c\u6709\u60c5\u300d\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff1a\u6292\u60c5\u50b3\u7d71\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u5b78\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6292\u60c5\u50b3\u7d71\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\uff1a\u5728\u5317\u5927\u7684\u516b\u5802\u8ab2\u300b\uff0c65\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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