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\u904e\u53bb\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u4e2d\u570b\u822a\u6d77\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u4ed6\u5011\u7d93\u5e38\u4f9d\u8cf4\u7528\u4f86\u822a\u6d77\u7684\u300c\u91dd\u8def\u7c3f\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6d77\u9053\u5716\u7d93\u300d\u7b49\u5716\u7e6a\u7684\u7c3f\u66f8\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6709\u9019\u9ebc\u591a\u9801\u7684\u537b\u5f88\u5c11\u898b\u3002\u518d\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u4e00\u672c\u5716\u518a\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6b63\u5728\u8fc5\u901f\u6d88\u5931\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5357\u6d77\u5730\u5340\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u5730\u540d\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u81f3\u5c11\u5149\u5c31\u8003\u8b49\u5730\u540d\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u5730\u5716\u96c6\u5c31\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u5b83\u80fd\u8c50\u5bcc\u6211\u5011\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u6771\u4e9e\u7684\u822a\u6d77\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8aaa\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
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1991\u5e74\u6211\u61c9\u8058\u56de\u53bb\u7f8e\u570b\u7d10\u7d04\u5e02\u7acb\u5927\u5b78\u4efb\u6559\u3002\u6211\u9019\u624d\u958b\u59cb\u5c0d\u300a\u8036\u9b6f\u822a\u6d77\u5716\u300b\u53c8\u7522\u751f\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\u5148\u751f\u548c\u9673\u667a\u8d85\u5148\u751f\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u9019\u4efd\u5730\u5716\uff0c\u90fd\u9f13\u52f5\u6211\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u628a\u5b83\u767c\u8868\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u6211\u9019\u624d\u57281997\u5e749\u6708\u7684\u300a\u6b77\u53f2\u6708\u520a\u300b\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u77ed\u6587\uff0c\u7c21\u55ae\u4ecb\u7d39\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6211\u5c0d\u53e4\u5730\u5716\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u570b\u5357\u6d77\u7684\u5730\u7406\u77e5\u8b58\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9019\u7bc7\u77ed\u6587\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5f88\u77ed\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u5f9e\u6b64\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c0d\u5b83\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u8208\u8da3\u3002<\/p>\n
1974\u5e74\u6211\u521d\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u4efd\u5730\u5716\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5f71\u5370\u6280\u8853\u9084\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u767c\u9054\uff0c\u66f4\u8ac7\u4e0d\u4e0a\u96fb\u8166\u6383\u63cf\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f71\u5370\u6a5f\u90fd\u9084\u4e0d\u80fd\u96a8\u610f\u653e\u5927\u7e2e\u5c0f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u7576\u5e74\u5f71\u5370\u7684\u90a3\u5957\u6d77\u5716\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u8986\u84cb\u5168\u9801\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u9084\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u622a\u4e86\u89d2\uff0c\u6240\u4ee52004\u5e74\u524d\u5f8c\u6211\u56de\u53bb\u8036\u9b6f\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u7684\u5730\u5716\u7279\u85cf\u5ba4\uff0c\u592e\u6c42\u4ed6\u5011\u66ff\u6211\u7528\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u6383\u63cf\u6280\u8853\u91cd\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u3002\u8981\u5f71\u5370\u4e00\u4efd\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u5730\u5716\uff0c\u8036\u9b6f\u5927\u5b78\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u7684\u898f\u5b9a\u662f\uff1a\u53ea\u8981\u4ed8\u5de5\u672c\u8cbb\uff08\u5341\u5206\u4fbf\u5b9c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u50b3\u64ad\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u6383\u63cf\u5716\u3002\u6211\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u9806\u4fbf\u611f\u8b1d\u7576\u5e74\u64d4\u4efb\u8036\u9b6f\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u9928\u9577\uff08\u69ae\u8b7d\u8077\uff09\u7684\u900f\u7d0d\uff08Frank M. Turner\uff09\u6559\u6388\u7684\u5e6b\u5fd9\u3002\u900f\u7d0d\u6559\u6388\u662f\u6211\u5728\u8036\u9b6f\u5927\u5b78\u8b80\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u6642\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u6b50\u6d32\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u7684\u52a9\u6559\u30022004\u5e74\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5df2\u7d93\u662f\u8036\u9b6f\u7684\u8b1b\u5ea7\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u9084\u64d4\u4efb\u975e\u5e38\u69ae\u8000\u7684\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u9928\u9577\u2500\u2500\u7f8e\u570b\u77e5\u540d\u5927\u5b78\u6216\u8457\u540d\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u90fd\u6709\u8058\u8acb\u8457\u540d\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u6388\u51fa\u4efb\u9928\u9577\u7684\u512a\u826f\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u900f\u7d0d\u6559\u6388\u6b63\u597d\u5c31\u662f\u8036\u9b6f\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u7684\u9928\u9577\u3002\u6211\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4f4d\u8001\u5e2b\u5f7c\u5f97\uff0e\u84cb\u4f0a\uff08Peter Gay\uff09\u4e5f\u66fe\u51fa\u4efb\u7d10\u7d04\u5e02\u7acb\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u7684\u9928\u9577\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b78\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u7684\u9928\u9577\u5247\u662f\u7f85\u4f2f\uff0e\u4e39\u5c6f\uff08Robert Darnton\uff09\u3002\u4e09\u4f4d\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u540d\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002\u6211\u5728\u806f\u7d61\u5730\u5716\u7279\u85cf\u5ba4\u6642\uff0c\u7279\u5730\u5beb\u4e86\u4fe1\u7d66\u900f\u7d0d\uff0c\u6062\u5fa9\u4e86\u5df2\u7d93\u65b7\u5931\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u53cb\u8abc\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\u4ed6\u73fe\u5728\u5df2\u7d93\u4f5c\u53e4\u3002<\/p>\n
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