{"id":1182,"date":"2018-07-22T18:49:01","date_gmt":"2018-07-22T10:49:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/paratext.hk\/?p=1182"},"modified":"2018-07-27T14:27:01","modified_gmt":"2018-07-27T06:27:01","slug":"%e3%80%8c%e7%89%a0%e3%80%8d%e8%80%85%e5%86%8d%e5%ae%9a%e7%be%a9%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e4%ba%ba%e8%88%87%e5%8b%95%e7%89%a9%e9%97%9c%e4%bf%82%e7%9a%84%e8%bd%89%e8%ae%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/paratext.hk\/?p=1182","title":{"rendered":"\u300c\u7260\u300d\u8005\u518d\u5b9a\u7fa9\u2500\u2500\u4eba\u8207\u52d5\u7269\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u672c\u6587\u70ba\u300a\u300c\u7260\u300d\u8005\u518d\u5b9a\u7fa9\u2500\u2500\u4eba\u8207\u52d5\u7269\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u7684\u5c0e\u8a00<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u7686\u5c11\u4e0d\u4e86\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u8eab\u5f71\u3002\u52d5\u7269\u662f\u8089\u98df\u4f86\u6e90\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u72e9\u7375\u91ce\u751f\u52d5\u7269\u53ca\u5404\u7a2e\u5bb6\u755c\u53ca\u5bb6\u79bd\uff09\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\uff08\u5982\u99ac\u548c\u8015\u725b\uff09\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7b26\u865f\u53ca\u5716\u9a30\uff08\u5982\u53e4\u57c3\u53ca\u4eba\u5c0d\u732b\u795e\u7684\u819c\u62dc\u3001\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u7464\u65cf\u4eba\u8996\u72d7\u70ba\u7956\u5148\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf5\u7269\uff0f\u966a\u4f34\u52d5\u7269\uff08\u5982\u732b\u3001\u72d7\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u8fd1\u4e8c\u767e\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u4eba\u8207\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u53cd\u7701\u904e\u53bb\u5c0d\u5f85\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u601d\u8003\u52d5\u7269\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u793e\u6703\u61c9\u8a72\u4f54\u6709\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u8b8a\u5316\u7531\u5341\u4e03\u53ca\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u555f\u8499\u6642\u4ee3\u63ed\u958b\u5e8f\u5e55\u3002<\/p>\n

\u555f\u8499\u6642\u4ee3\u5d07\u5c1a\u7406\u6027\u8207\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u601d\u8003\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u5982\u82f1\u570b\u555f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u6d1b\u514b\uff08John Locke, 1632-1704\uff09\u8a8d\u70ba\u7fd2\u6163\u8650\u5f85\u52d5\u7269\u6703\u8b93\u4eba\u8b8a\u5f97\u51b7\u9177\u7121\u60c5\uff0c\u4e0d\u6613\u8207\u4eba\u53cb\u5584\u89aa\u8fd1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f9e\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u7740\u773c\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u61c9\u6559\u5c0e\u5152\u7ae5\u4e0d\u8650\u5f85\u6216\u6bba\u5bb3\u4efb\u4f55\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4e26\u5584\u76e1\u8cac\u4efb\u7167\u9867\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bf5\u7269\u3002[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u745e\u58eb\u88d4\u6cd5\u570b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u76e7\u68ad\uff08Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778\uff09\u8a8d\u70ba\u96d6\u7136\u79bd\u7378\u6c92\u6709\u667a\u6167\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u4f46\u8207\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\u6709\u5929\u8ce6\u7684\u611f\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u611f\u89ba\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5c0d\u4eba\u7121\u76ca\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0d\u61c9\u8650\u5f85\u79bd\u7378\u3002[2]<\/sup><\/a>\u8607\u683c\u862d\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4f11\u8b28\uff08David Hume, 1711-1776\uff09\u751a\u81f3\u8a8d\u70ba\u52d5\u7269\u548c\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\u80fd\u5f9e\u7d93\u9a57\u4e2d\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u63a8\u8ad6\u51fa\u56e0\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u9019\u5c64\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u52d5\u7269\u548c\u4eba\u5177\u5099\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u7684\u6190\u61ab\u53ef\u4ee5\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u52d5\u7269\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002[3]<\/sup><\/a>\u5fb7\u570b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff08Immanuel Kant 1724-1804\uff09\u5247\u8a8d\u70ba\u52d5\u7269\u4e0d\u5177\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u51fa\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65b7\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4eba\u5c0d\u52d5\u7269\u6c92\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u7fa9\u52d9\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8207\u6d1b\u514b\u4e00\u6a23\u53cd\u5c0d\u6b98\u9177\u5c0d\u5f85\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u4eba\u6b98\u9177\u5c0d\u5f85\u540c\u985e\uff0c\u4e26\u6307\u51fa\u4ee4\u52d5\u7269\u53d7\u82e6\u6703\u640d\u5bb3\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u4eba\u61c9\u5584\u5f85\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u5c60\u5bb0\u52d5\u7269\u6642\u61c9\u76e1\u91cf\u5feb\u901f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f7f\u5176\u75db\u82e6\u3002[4]<\/sup><\/a>\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u4e9b\u555f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u8ad6\u53ca\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u7740\u773c\u9ede\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4eba\u985e\uff0c\u5584\u5f85\u52d5\u7269\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u6210\u5c31\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u5011\u7562\u7adf\u56b4\u8085\u5730\u8a0e\u8ad6\u52d5\u7269\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u65e5\u5f8c\u52d5\u7269\u798f\u5229\u8207\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u82f1\u570b\u6548\u76ca\u4e3b\u7fa9\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u908a\u6c81\uff08Jeremy Bentham, 1748-1832\uff09\u5728\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u8207\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e4b\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff08An Introduction to the Principle of Morals and Legislation<\/em>\uff09\u2014\u66f8\u4e2d\u5373\u76f4\u63a5\u56de\u61c9\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u7406\u6027\u8ad6\uff1a\u300c\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u5728\u65bc\u52d5\u7269\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u7406\u6027\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5728\u65bc\u52d5\u7269\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u8a00\u8a9e\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u65bc\u52d5\u7269\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u611f\u53d7\u75db\u82e6\uff1f\u300d[5]<\/sup><\/a>\u8a8d\u70ba\u6cd5\u5f8b\u61c9\u4fdd\u969c\u6240\u6709\u6709\u611f\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u751f\u9748\u3002<\/p>\n

\u771f\u6b63\u7acb\u6cd5\u4fdd\u969c\u52d5\u7269\u798f\u5229\uff0c\u8981\u7b49\u5230\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u59cb\u65bc\u82f1\u570b\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u798f\u5229\u904b\u52d5\u3002\u95dc\u6ce8\u52d5\u7269\u798f\u5229\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u5e2d\u6372\u6b50\u6d32\u4ee5\u81f3\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5f97\u529b\u65bc\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8a0e\u8ad6\u57fa\u790e\u5916\uff0c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u767c\u5c55\u5e36\u52d5\u57ce\u5e02\u767c\u5c55\u8207\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u9577\uff0c\u5de5\u5ee0\u5f0f\u5bc6\u96c6\u98fc\u990a\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u5bb0\u6bba\u65b9\u5f0f\u6fc0\u8d77\u53ad\u60e1\u8207\u53cd\u611f\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u65b0\u8208\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5c0d\u8cb4\u65cf\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u5982\u72e9\u7375\u3001\u9b25\u718a\u7b49\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u63da\u68c4\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u4e2d\u5ee3\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u52d5\u7269\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u591a\u52d5\u7269\u88ab\u5229\u7528\u4f5c\u5a1b\u6a02\u5de5\u5177\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4eba\u601d\u8003\u4eba\u8207\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u4fdd\u8b77\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u8072\u97f3\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u97ff\u4eae\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u4fdd\u8b77\u52d5\u7269\u6cd5\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec1822\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u689d\u300a\u9632\u6b62\u8650\u5f85\u8207\u4e0d\u7576\u5c0d\u5f85\u5bb6\u755c\u6cd5\u300b\uff08An Act to Prevent the Cruel and Improper Treatment of Cattle \uff0c\u53c8\u540d\u300c\u99ac\u4e01\u6cd5\u6848\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca1876\u5e74\u91dd\u5c0d\u5be6\u9a57\u52d5\u7269\u4fee\u6b63\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300a\u8650\u5f85\u52d5\u7269\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Cruelty to Animal Act<\/em> 1876)\u30021824\u5e74\u82f1\u570b\u300c\u9632\u6b62\u8650\u5f85\u52d5\u7269\u5354\u6703\u300d\uff08Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals\uff0c\u7c21\u7a31 SPCA\uff09\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u662f\u53f2\u4e0a\u9996\u500b\u52d5\u7269\u798f\u5229\u4fdd\u8b77\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u5176\u5f8c\u6b50\u6d32\u591a\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7d1b\u7d1b\u4eff\u6548\u6210\u7acb\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u300c\u9999\u6e2f\u9632\u6b62\u8650\u755c\u6703\u300d\u4e5f\u57281903\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\uff081997\u5e74\u6539\u540d\u70ba\u300c\u9999\u6e2f\u611b\u8b77\u52d5\u7269\u5354\u6703\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u6559\u80b2\u53ca\u5ba3\u5c0e\u4fdd\u8b77\u52d5\u7269\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u63a8\u52d5\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5b9a\u52d5\u7269\u798f\u5229\u653f\u7b56\u3002[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u6230\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u798f\u5229\u767c\u5c55\u5f71\u97ff\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u30021964\u5e74\u54c8\u91cc\u905c\uff08Ruth Harrison\uff09\u300a\u52d5\u7269\u6a5f\u5668\u300b\uff08Animal Machines<\/em>\uff09\u4e00\u66f8\u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u73fe\u4ee3\u8fb2\u5834\u5de5\u696d\u88e1\u86cb\u96de\u3001\u5c0f\u8089\u725b\u548c\u6bcd\u8c6c\u98fc\u990a\u7684\u4e0d\u4eba\u9053\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u82f1\u570b\u570b\u6703\u6210\u7acb\u300c\u5e03\u862d\u8c9d\u723e\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u300d\u8abf\u67e5\u5404\u5730\u8fb2\u5834\uff0c\u53ca\u5f8c\u767c\u8868\u300a\u5e03\u862d\u8c9d\u723e\u5831\u544a\u300b\uff08Brambell Report<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u5efa\u8b70\u5fc5\u9808\u7d66\u4e88\u8fb2\u5834\u52d5\u7269\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u8f15\u6613\u8f49\u8eab\uff0c\u6574\u7406\u6bdb\u9aee\uff0c\u4f38\u5c55\u56db\u80a2\u30021968\u5e74\u82f1\u570b\u901a\u904e\u300a\u8fb2\u696d\uff08\u96dc\u9805\u898f\u5b9a\uff09\u6cd5\u300b\uff08The Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u6240\u53ca\uff0c\u6b50\u6d32\u7406\u4e8b\u6703\uff08European Council\uff09\u4e5f\u65bc 1976\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u300a\u6b50\u6d32\u8fb2\u755c\u52d5\u7269\u4fdd\u8b77\u516c\u7d04\u300b\uff08European Convention for the Protection of Animals Kept for Fanning Purposes<\/em>\uff09\u3002[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u96a8\u7740\u793e\u6703\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u53ca\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u5149\u662f\u63d0\u5021\u52d5\u7269\u798f\u5229\uff08\u5982\u9632\u6b62\u8650\u5f85\u3001\u5408\u7406\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u4eba\u9053\u5c60\u5bb0\u7b49\uff09\u6f38\u6f38\u4e0d\u80fd\u6eff\u8db3\u95dc\u6ce8\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u76ca\u7684\u4eba\u30021971\u5e74\uff0c\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b78\u4e00\u7d44\u5e74\u8f15\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5bb6\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u52d5\u7269\u3001\u4eba\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u300b\uff08Animal, Men and Morals<\/em>\uff09\uff0c[8]<\/sup><\/a>\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4eba\u8207\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u990a\u6b96\u5de5\u5ee0\u3001\u52d5\u7269\u6e2c\u8a66\u3001\u91ab\u85e5\u5be6\u9a57\u66ff\u4ee3\u3001\u6bdb\u76ae\u8207\u5316\u599d\u54c1\u3001\u98df\u7528\u5c60\u5bb0\u7b49\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u7269\u7a2e\u6b67\u8996\uff08speciesism\uff09\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u660e\u78ba\u5021\u8b70\u52d5\u7269\u89e3\u653e\uff08animal liberation\uff09\u8207\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\uff08animal rights\uff09\uff0c\u628a\u7126\u9ede\u7531\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u540c\u60c5\u8207\u6190\u61ab\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u300c\u798f\u5229\u300d\u8f49\u5411\u5f37\u8abf\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u300c\u6b0a\u5229\u300d\uff0c\u5177\u5283\u6642\u4ee3\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e5f\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u65e5\u5f8c\u5021\u8b70\u52d5\u7269\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u8f9b\u683c\uff08Peter Singer\uff09\u7684\u51fa\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8f9b\u683c\u6709\u95dc\u300a\u52d5\u7269\u3001\u4eba\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u300b\u7684\u66f8\u8a551973\u5e74\u520a\u767b\u65bc\u300a\u7d10\u7d04\u66f8\u8a55\u300b\uff08The New York Review of Books<\/em>\uff09\uff0c[9]<\/sup><\/a>\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u5169\u5e74\u5f8c\u300a\u52d5\u7269\u89e3\u653e\u300b\uff08Animal Liberation<\/em>\uff09[10]<\/sup><\/a>\u7684\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u8f9b\u683c\u5728\u908a\u6c81\u7684\u6548\u76ca\u4e3b\u7fa9\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u300c\u52d5\u7269\u89e3\u653e\u300d\u4e4b\u8aaa\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u6709\u7121\u611f\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\uff08sentience\uff09\u662f\u500b\u9ad4\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u5730\u4f4d\u8207\u9053\u5fb7\u8003\u91cf\u7684\u754c\u7dda\uff0c\u52d5\u7269\u65e2\u80fd\u611f\u53d7\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u5373\u6709\u4e86\u5229\u76ca\uff08interest\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u502b\u7406\u5224\u65b7\u601d\u8003\u4e2d\uff0c\u61c9\u7d66\u4e88\u540c\u7b49\u8003\u91cf\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u7279\u5225\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u52d5\u7269\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u8207\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5167\u5bb9\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f5c\u5229\u76ca\u8003\u91cf\u6642\u61c9\u8a72\u5141\u8a31\u6709\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3002\u8f9b\u683c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5927\u62b5\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u517c\u9867\u5404\u65b9\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6548\u76ca\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4fdd\u969c\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u76ca\uff0c\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u4fc3\u9032\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5584\u548c\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u60e1\u3002[11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u570b\u52d5\u7269\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u96f7\u6839\uff08Tom Regan\uff09\u5247\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4e3b\u5f35\u52d5\u7269\u8207\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u662f\u5177\u6709\u8207\u751f\u4ff1\u4f86\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff08inherent value\uff09\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff08subject-of-a-life\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u64c1\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u4eab\u6709\u53d7\u5c0a\u91cd\u8207\u4e0d\u53d7\u50b7\u5bb3\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u4e0d\u61c9\u88ab\u8996\u4f5c\u5de5\u5177\u8207\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e0d\u61c9\u70ba\u4e86\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u5bb0\u5236\u3002\u9019\u610f\u5473\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5168\u9762\u5ee2\u6b62\u5c0d\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u525d\u524a\u8207\u5229\u7528\u3002\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u70ba\u6574\u9ad4\u5229\u76ca\uff08\u5982\u7269\u7a2e\u5229\u76ca\uff09\u800c\u50b7\u5bb3\u7b26\u5408\u300c\u751f\u547d\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5224\u6e96\u300d\uff08the-subject-of-a-life-criterion)\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\u798f\u5229\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ee5\u4fdd\u80b2\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5708\u990a\u52d5\u7269\u662f\u4ed6\u6240\u53cd\u5c0d\u7684\u3002[12]<\/sup><\/a>\u4ed6\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u656c\u4f69\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u8eab\u9ad4\u529b\u884c\u5be6\u8e10\u4ed6\u6240\u5021\u8b70\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u502b\u7406\u89c0\uff0c\u665a\u5e74\u60a3\u6709\u8166\u9000\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u62d2\u7d55\u4f7f\u7528\u5229\u7528\u52d5\u7269\u6e2c\u8a66\u7684\u897f\u85e5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u4fdd\u8b77\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u4ea6\u81ea\u897f\u65b9\u50b3\u5230\u9999\u6e2f\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u9999\u6e2f\u9632\u6b62\u8650\u755c\u6703\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u5728\u9019\u534a\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u4e3b\u5c0e\u4e0b\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u4fdd\u8b77\u653f\u7b56\u8207\u5be6\u8e10\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u52d5\u7269\u798f\u5229\u70ba\u4e3b\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u66f4\u9060\u9060\u843d\u5f8c\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u5148\u9032\u5730\u5340\u3002\u8fd1\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u6c11\u9593\u5021\u8b70\u8005\u53ca\u5be6\u8e10\u8005\u7684\u63a8\u52d5\u4e0b\uff0c\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u7d42\u65bc\u6f38\u898b\u71b1\u70c8\u3002\u672c\u6587\u96c6\u6b63\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u5206\u6790\u9019\u767e\u5e74\u4f86\u4fdd\u8b77\u52d5\u7269\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u5c0d\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u3001\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6642\u671f\u4ee5\u53ca\u73fe\u4eca\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n

\u672c\u6587\u96c6\u5305\u62ec\u5169\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u300c\u6587\u5b78\u6b77\u53f2\u7bc7\u300d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u300c\u52d5\u7269\u502b\u7406\u7bc7\u300d\uff0c\u5404\u6709\u4e03\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5f9e\u5b78\u8853\u89d2\u5ea6\u63a2\u8a0e\u52d5\u7269\u5728\u6587\u5b78\u53ca\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u9999\u6e2f\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u5021\u8b70\u8005\u57f7\u7b46\uff0c\u95e1\u8ff0\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u76ca\uff0f\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5be6\u8e10\u9019\u4e9b\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u8207\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u56f0\u96e3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6587\u96c6\u4ee5\u591a\u89d2\u5ea6\u3001\u8de8\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u5b8f\u89c0\u8996\u91ce\uff0c\u5c55\u73fe\u5728\u8fd1\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u53ca\u6b96\u6c11\u6642\u671f\u8207\u5f8c\u6b96\u6c11\u6642\u671f\u7684\u9999\u6e2f\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u548c\u754c\u5b9a\u8207\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u8fd1\u5e74\u9999\u6e2f\u51fa\u73fe\u4e0d\u5c11\u6709\u95dc\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4ee5\u6292\u767c\u60c5\u611f\u8207\u8a18\u4e8b\u70ba\u4e3b\uff0c[13]<\/sup><\/a>\u5206\u6790\u6027\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u8457\u4f5c\u975e\u5e38\u7f3a\u4e4f\u3002[14]<\/sup><\/a>\u672c\u6587\u96c6\u65e8\u5728\u5f4c\u88dc\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u8b80\u8005\u4ee5\u8f03\u56b4\u8b39\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u601d\u8003\u4eba\u8207\u52d5\u7269\u95dc\u4fc2\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8ecc\u8de1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u610f\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u300c\u6587\u5b78\u6b77\u53f2\u7bc7\u300d\u4e2d\u9996\u5169\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u63a2\u8a0e\u6587\u5b78\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u66f8\u5beb\u3002\u5de2\u7acb\u4ec1\u3008\u7531\u72f8\u5974\u5230\u4e3b\u5b50\uff1a\u5f9e\u4e2d\u570b\u6b77\u4ee3\u7684\u8c93\u66f8\u5beb\u770b\u8c93\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u5851\u9020\u8207\u767c\u5c55\u3009\u5206\u6790\u81ea\u5510\u672b\u4ee5\u4f86\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u63cf\u5beb\u8c93\u7684\u5169\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u300c\u6258\u8c93\u8a00\u4e8b\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u985e\u4f5c\u54c1\u501f\u984c\u767c\u63ee\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u8af7\u523a\u8c93\u4f86\u81e7\u5426\u4eba\u4e8b\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u662f\u300c\u8996\u8c93\u5982\u4f34\u300d\uff0c\u4f5c\u54c1\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u4f5c\u8005\u5c0d\u732b\u7684\u771f\u646f\u60c5\u611f\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u8fd1\u5e74\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u5229\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u5b78\u4f5c\u54c1\u958b\u59cb\u5617\u8a66\u5f9e\u8c93\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u8996\u8c93\u70ba\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u4eba\u7684\u500b\u9ad4\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5176\u6b0a\u5229\u61c9\u8a72\u5f97\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u76e7\u6dd1\u6afb\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u8ad6\u8ff0\u897f\u65b9\u98f2\u7528\u725b\u4e73\u7684\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u6240\u593e\u6301\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u8207\u5f37\u570b\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e0d\u55ae\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u7684\u98f2\u98df\u7fd2\u6163\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u4eba\u548c\u725b\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u4e73\u725b\u8f38\u5165\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u4e26\u5f37\u8abf\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b78\u885b\u751f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u725b\u4e73\u7684\u8cea\u91cf\uff0c\u9019\u8207\u904e\u53bb\u8fb2\u6c11\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u755c\u990a\u8015\u725b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u76e7\u6dd1\u6afb\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u548c\u725b\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u56e0\u6b64\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u300c\u5f9e\u5171\u4f4f\u5230\u5206\u9694\u300d\u53ca\u300c\u5f9e\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u5230\u64cd\u63a7\u8207\u652f\u914d\u300d\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u76ee\u9304<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5c0e\u8a00\uff0f\u9673\u71d5\u9050\u3001\u6f58\u6dd1\u83ef<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u6587\u5b78\u6b77\u53f2\u7bc7<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\n\u57ce\u9109\u5171\u5b58\/\u4eab\uff1a\u9999\u6e2f\u57ce\u5e02\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\u4eba\u8207\u91ce\u8c6c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\uff0f\u76e7\u7389\u73cd<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u6ce8\u91cb<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education<\/em>, ed. Robert Hebert Quick (Cambridge\uff1a University Press, 1913), section 116, p. 100.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u76e7\u68ad\uff1a\u300a\u8ad6\u4eba\u985e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u57fa\u790e\u300b\uff0c\u674e\u5e38\u5c71\u8b6f\uff0c\u6771\u6797\u6821\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52d9\u5370\u66f8\u9928\uff0c1962\uff09\uff0c\u9801 68\u3002<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Deborah Boyle, \u201cHume on Animal Reason,\u201d Hume Studies<\/em> 29, no.1 (April, 2003): 7, 23.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Allen W Wood and Onora O\u2019Neill, \u201cKant on Duties Regarding Nonrational Nature,\u201d Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes 72<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998): 189-228.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Jeremy Bentham, Introduction to the Principles Of Morals and Legislation<\/em> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1780; 1823), chapter 17 footnote, p.311, HeinOnline Legal Classics.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> \u6c88\u777f\u5c0d\u897f\u65b9\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u5229\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u505a\u4e86\u627c\u8981\u4ecb\u7d39\uff0c\u898b\u6c88\u777f\uff1a\u3008\u52d5\u7269\u8207\u4eba\uff1a\u897f\u65b9\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u5229\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4f86\u9f8d\u8207\u53bb\u8108\u3009\uff0c\u95dc\u61f7\u52d5\u7269\u751f\u547d\u5354\u6703\uff0c2005\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\uff0chttp:\/\/www.lca.org.tw\/column\/node\/741<\/a>\u3002\u66f4\u591a\u52d5\u7269\u798f\u5229\uff0f\u6b0a\u76ca\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u8207\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0cRob Boddice, A History of Attitudes and Behaviours toward Animals in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Britain: Anthropocentrism and the Emergence of Animals<\/em> (Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 2008); Francine L. Dolins, Attitudes to Animals: Views in Animal Welfare<\/em><\/p>\n

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Susan, J. Armstrong and Richard G. Botzler eds., Animal Ethics Reader<\/em> (London: Routledge, 2003); David Degrazia, Animal Rights: A Very Short Introduction <\/em>(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); Cass R. Sunsterin and Martha C. Nussbaum, Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> \u5433\u5b97\u9a40\uff1a\u3008\u6b50\u76df\u8fb2\u5834\u52d5\u7269\u798f\u5229\u63a8\u52d5\u7d93\u9a57\u5c0d\u8591\u7063\u7684\u555f\u793a\u3009\uff0c\u95dc\u61f7\u52d5\u7269\u751f\u547d\u5354\u6703\uff0c2014\u5e74 7\u6708 29 \u65e5\uff0chttp:\/\/www.lca.org.tw\/column\/node\/5185<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Stanley and Roslind Godlovitch John Harris eds., Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-humans<\/em> (London: Victor Gollancz, 1971).<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Peter Singer, \u201cAnimal Liberation,\u201d The New York Review of Books <\/em>20, no.5, 5 April 1973, http:\/\/wixnKnybooks.com\/articles\/1973\/04\/05\/animal-liberation\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Peter Singer, Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals<\/em> (New York: New York Review of Books, 1975).<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> \u6709\u95dc\u8f9b\u683c\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u502b\u7406\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u53ef\u53c3\u8003\u8f9b\u683c\uff08Peter Singer\uff09\u8457\uff0c\u5f35\u7422\u6587\u8b6f\uff1a\u3008\u52d5\u7269\u89e3\u653e\uff1a\u904e\u53bb\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u8207\u672a\u4f86\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u7384\u5958\u4f5b\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c23\u671f\uff082015\u5e743\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u98011-26\u3002<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Regan \u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8457\u4f5c\u6709The Case <\/em>for Animal Rights<\/em> (Berkeley: University of California Press 1983); Empty Cages: Facing the Challenge of Animal<\/em> (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2004)\u3002\u6709\u95dc\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u53ef\u53c3\u8003\u96f7\u6839\uff08Tom Regan\uff09\u8457\uff0c\u5f35\u74cc\u6587\u8b6f\uff1a\u3008\u300c\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u300d\u4e4b\u54f2\u5b78\u8ad6\u8ff0\u2500\u2500\u751a\u9ebc\u662f\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\uff1f\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u70ba\u4f55\u91cd\u8981\uff1f\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u7384\u88dd\u4f5b\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c23\u671f\uff082015\u5e743\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u980127-48\u3002<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> \u6587\u96c6\u5167\u5de2\u7acb\u4ec1\u53ca\u9673\u71d5\u9050\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5c0d\u6709\u95dc\u60c5\u6cc1\u6709\u6982\u62ec\u8aaa\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> \u76f8\u5c0d\u56b4\u8b39\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6027\u8457\u4f5c\u6709\u4e8c\u72ac\u5341\u4e00\u54aa\u3001\u963f\u96e2\u53ca\u963f\u856d\uff1a\u300a\u52d5\u7269\u6b0a\u76ca\u8a8c\u300b\uff08\u9999\u6e2f\uff1a\u4e09\u806f\u66f8\u5e97\uff0c2013\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u66f8\u63cf\u8ff0\u9999\u6e2f\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u53ef\u6190\u666f\u6cc1\uff0c\u4e26\u63a2\u8a0e\u7576\u4ee3\u52d5\u7269\u502b\u7406\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u85c9\u4ee5\u63a8\u52d5\u4eba\u8207\u52d5\u7269\u5171\u878d\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u90fd\u5e02\u751f\u6d3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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